Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the five kinds of human cultured cells derived from ovarian adenocarcinoma (HOC-21), ovarian malignant teratoma (HOTC 3), carcinoma of the uterine endometrium (HEC-1B), squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix (SKG-1) and choriocarcinoma (BeWo), the intracellular presence of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (AlP), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and plasminogen activator were investigated. The results were as follows. 1) BeWo-, HOC-21-and HOTC 3-cells revealed high activity of intracellular presence of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (AlP), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and plasminogen activator were investigated. The results were as follows. 1) BeWo-, HOC-21-and HOTC 3-cells revealed high activity of intracellular LDH in this order, however none of HEC-1B-and SKG-1-cells did. 2) The activity of intracellular AlP was higher in BeWo-cells than in HOC-21-cells. The isozymes of AlP detected in these cells were found to be heat-stable. The others revealed no activity of AlP. 3) The presence of HCG-beta was confirmed in both BeWo- and HOTC 3-cells. The intracellular levels of HCG-beta were found to be higher in BeWo- cells than in HOTC 3-cells. HCG-beta was observed to leak into culture medium not from HOTC 3-cells but from BeWo-cells. It was not detected in the other cultured cells. 4) No AFP was detected in any of these five cultured cells. 5) Plasminogen activator was detected in HOC-21, HEC-1B-and SKG-1-cells in contrast to HOTC 3-and BeWo-cells which were negative for plasminogen activator. These results suggest that the various marker substances detected in the human cultured cells originated from various carcinomas of sexual organs may reflect biological functions of these tumor cells and, furthermore, can apply as tumor markers to the clinical diagnosis of the diseases.
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PMID:[Studies on marker substances in cell lines derived from various human gynecologic tumors (author's transl)]. 617 49

Six monoclonal antibodies raised against the human placental alkaline phosphatase (ALP) recognizing distinct antigenic determinants on the surface of this isozyme were used for immunohistochemical studies of adult and fetal human testes and testicular germ-cell tumors. ALP reacting with all six antibodies was defined as placental, whereas ALP reacting with some but not all antibodies was labeled as placental-like. ALP reacting with one of the monoclonal antibodies that recognizes a determinant common to intestinal and placental ALP was tentatively considered probably intestinal, unless it reacted with any other monoclonal placental specific antibody. Using this approach, the authors have identified placental ALP in 4 of 7 seminomas, 3 of 7 tumors composed in part or fully of embryonal carcinoma, and 1 yolk sac carcinoma. Placental-like ALP was identified in 2 additional seminomas and 4 embryonal carcinoma-containing tumors, whereas 1 seminoma and 1 benign teratoma were devoid of either placental or placental-like ALP. Trophoblastic giant cells in 2 seminomas and 3 teratocarcinomas expressed only the antigenic determinant common to placental and intestinal ALP. The authors thus show that testicular tumor cells may express either placental or placental-like ALP and that in some instances, the tumor isozyme is antigenically different from ALP found on either fetal or adult testicular germ cells.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of placental-like alkaline phosphatase in testis and germ-cell tumors using monoclonal antibodies. 684 1

A cell line (PA I), derived from human ovarian teratocarcinoma cells, was obtained by culturing ascitic fluid cells from a patient with recurrence of malignant ovarian teratoma. During early passages the cultured cells showed a variable morphology, a long doubling time, and a low plating efficiency (2%). After about 50 passages in vitro, a cell population which was more homogeneous and resembled embryonal carcinoma cells were obtained. These cells had a shorter doubling time (26 h), and increased plating efficiency (77%). The early-passage cells were aneuploid (P 24) whereas the late-passage cells had a normal diploid karyotype with one balanced translocation between chromosomes No. 15 and No. 20 (P 224). Details of the karyotype suggest that the cells are heterozygous, i.e. derived from a stage before the first meiotic division. One of the two X chromosomes were inactive, and the cells expressed HLA antigens (A28 and B12), and beta 2-microglobulin. Expression of F9 antigen, characteristic of two-cell and later preimplantation embryos, was absent, while expression of PCC4 antigen, expressed also by blastocysts, was present. This finding suggests that the line might express some embryonic characteristics. The PA I cell line maintained in monolayer cultures showed several characteristics of malignant cells. The proportion of malignant cells increased with successive passages in vitro. The late-passage cells represented a fairly homogenous population of malignant cells similar to embryonal carcinoma cells. Late-passage PA I cells, when seeded under conditions that prevented attachment of cells to the substratum, formed embryoid bodies consisting of an inner core of cells similar to embryonal carcinoma cells, surrounded by a rind of endoderm-like cells. These two cell layers were separated by a basement membrane-like structure containing fibronectin. The core embryonal carcinoma cells expressed high alkaline phosphatase activity whereas the endoderm-like cells had low alkaline phosphatase activity. Embryoid bodies seeded on an adhesive substratum formed polycystic structures divided by layers of epithelial-like cells and containing extracellular fibrils similar to collagen type I or III. In these cultures, further limited differentiation into endoderm-like, epithelial-like cells and pigmented cells was observed. Morphological differenciation of undifferentiated PA I cells into endoderm-like cells in monolayer cultures could be obtained by treatment with BrdUrd or by plating in low serum concentration and at low density. Cells with characteristic fibrillar distribution of fibronectin and actin microfilament bundles were then observed, indicating formation of cells lacking properties of malignant cells. As indicated by these results, the PA I cell line, in spite of a limited capacity to differentiate in vitro, shares some of the properties of mouse teratocarcinoma cell lines and might therefore serve as a useful model for studies on some developmental mechanisms in human cells.
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PMID:Characterization of a human ovarian teratocarcinoma-derived cell line. 693 Nov 3

Indirect immunoperoxidase staining was carried out on human testicular tumors using monospecific antibodies against placental (Regan) and intestinal isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (ALPase). The very high incidence of seminoma (approximately 90%) revealed positive staining of placental ALPase mainly on the cell membrane of tumor cells, whereas none of the seminoma showed presence of intestinal isoenzyme. Placental isoenzyme was not recognized in any embryonal carcinoma and interstitial cell tumor. The epithelial cells of the glandular elements of teratoma occasionally exhibited strong staining for intestinal ALPase and weak staining for placental ALPase. The appearance of Regan isoenzyme in seminomas might be considered possible conversion of hepatic to placental isoenzyme, a consequence of malignant transformation of spermatogenic cells. Regan isoenzyme appears to be a new tumor marker for seminoma and the frequent identification of Regan isoenzyme in seminoma may disclose a unique biologic characteristic of this germinal tumor.
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PMID:Immunoperoxidase study of alkaline phosphatase in testicular tumor. 702 58

A human cell line has been established from a transplantable xenografted human testicular tumor, which, both in the original tumor and in the xenograft, exhibited the histological characteristics of an undifferentiated malignant teratoma (embryonal cell carcinoma). The cells in culture were undifferentiated by biochemical, morphological, and ultrastructural criteria, growing as small islands of cells that tended to form aggregates at high density. The cells showed some variation in chromosome number with 30 to 40% of the cells having a normal human karyotype. The cells expressed high levels of alkaline phosphatase, which by heat inactivation and inhibition studies was 40 to 50% placental type alkaline phosphatase. None of the cultures produced human chorionic gonadotrophin, alphafetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, or fibronectin, although at high cell densities plasminogen activator could be detected at low levels. Cell surface studies showed that the cells shared antigens with the murine embryonal carcinoma cell line F9, expressed beta 2-microglobulin at very low and variable levels, and bound the lectin peanut agglutinin. These studies suggest that this cell line has some of the characteristics described for murine embryonal carcinoma cell lines.
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PMID:Characterization of a new human cell line derived from a xenografted embryonal carcinoma. 717 48

Intraperitoneal administration of liposomal valinomycin (MLV-VM) with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cDDP) had significant antitumor activity against murine P388 leukemia and inhibited the growth of OVCAR-3 tumors in a nude mouse model of human ovarian cancer. This tumor is a teratoma originating in the ovary with pathogenesis and metastatic properties similar to those of human ovarian cancer. Drug was given to the mice once every 5 days for 4 doses beginning 1 day after i.p. implantation of 10(7) or 5 x 10(7) OVCAR-3 tumor cells. For P388 leukemia, drug was given i.p. once or on days 1 and 5 after tumor inoculation. Despite the use of low doses of MLV-VM, the antitumor activity of the combination [increase in life span (%T/C), 289%-294%] represents a 4-log cell kill over the additive effect of the two drugs, indicating a synergistic interaction between MLV-VM and cDDP. Likewise, low doses of the drug combination produced a synergistic interaction on human ovarian OVCAR-3 tumors, and tumor-free, long-term survivors were obtained. Combined therapy of liposome-incorporated valinomycin and cisplatin was well tolerated and produced no overlapping nephrotoxicity, although a decrease in liver enzyme markers (alkaline phosphatase and/or alkaline aminotransferase) with MLV-VM was observed. These results appear to suggest that MLV-VM with cDDP may have considerable potential for the treatment of ovarian cancer disseminated within the peritoneal cavity, although the frequency and sequence of drug administration may need to be improved.
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PMID:Combination chemotherapy of human ovarian xenografts with intraperitoneal liposome-incorporated valinomycin and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II). 828 24

Although neuroepithelial tubules (NET) often are a component of immature teratoma (IT), they are not always required for diagnosis. Other somatic elements are sufficient and often verified with immunohistochemical stain. This study was designed to determine the definition of immaturity versus fetal ontogeny, using several molecular markers in IT. It is our contention that IT is equivalent to an embryonic stage less than a fertilization age (FA) of 8 weeks, and a mature teratoma (MT) to a fetal stage later than a FA of 8 weeks, whereas an embryonal carcinoma (Eca) matches a pre-embryonic stage earlier than a FA of 2 weeks. The teratomatous components used as a roadmap to evaluate maturity included: a lobular structure of primitive endodermal tubules (FA 4 to 6 weeks), a ventricle-lined cortical plate (FA 9 weeks), a complex papillary choroid plexus (FA 10 weeks), melanin deposition in hair follicles (FA 15 weeks), and the bell stage of odontogenesis (FA 19 weeks). The teratomatous components of 25 resected ovarian solid teratoma samples were compared with fetal ontogeny. For an immunohistochemical analysis, the CD30, CD34, CD99, bcl-2, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and placenta-like alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) were assessed. The AFP and Ki-1 were positive in the embryoid body, which was identified at a FA less than 4 weeks in Eca. The AFP was positive in the primitive endodermal components and some of the squamous epithelium in IT. The CD99 and bcl-2 were selectively stained in the primitive NET, which was detected no later than a FA of 6 weeks. The CD34 and bcl-2 were positive in the immature-looking precartilage blastomatous components, which proved useful for detecting immature cartilage, corresponding to a FA of 5 to 6 weeks. The ontogeny of IT was found to correspond to the embryonic stage at a FA of 2 to 8 weeks, and CD99, CD34, bcl-2, AFP, CD30, and PLAP could be used as supportive tools to define IT. This new grading system could be more scientific and more reproducible in any spectra of teratoma.
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PMID:Diagnostic challenge of fetal ontogeny and its application on the ovarian teratomas. 1578 74

Derivation and culture of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) without animal-derived material would be optimal for cell transplantation. We derived two new hES (HS293 and HS306) and 10 early cell lines using serum replacement (SR) medium instead of conventional fetal calf serum and human foreskin fibroblasts as feeder cells. Line HS293 has been in continuous culture, with a passage time of 5-8 days, since October 2003 and is at passage level 56. Line HS306 has been cultured since February 2004, now at passage 41. The lines express markers of pluripotent hESCs (Oct-4, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, GCTM-2, and alkaline phosphatase). The pluripotency has been shown in embryoid bodies in vitro, and the pluripotency of line 293 has also been shown in vivo by teratoma formation in severe combined immunodeficiency/beige mice. The karyotype of HS293 is 46,XY, and that of HS306 is 46,XX. Ten more early lines have been derived under similar conditions since September 2004. We conclude that hESC lines can be successfully derived using SR medium and postnatal human fibroblasts as feeder cells. This is a step toward xeno-free conditions and facilitates the use of these cells in transplantation.
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PMID:Derivation of human embryonic stem cell lines in serum replacement medium using postnatal human fibroblasts as feeder cells. 1579 Jul 75

The successful establishment of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines has inaugurated a new era in regenerative medicine by facilitating the transplantation of differentiated ESCs to specific organs. However, problems with the safety and efficacy of hESC therapy in vivo remain to be resolved. Preclinical studies using animal model systems, including nonhuman primates, are essential to evaluate the safety and efficacy of hESC therapies. Previously, we demonstrated that common marmosets are suitable laboratory animal models for preclinical studies of hematopoietic stem cell therapies. As this animal model is also applicable to preclinical trials of ESC therapies, we have established novel common marmoset ESC (CMESC) lines. To obtain marmoset embryos, we developed a new embryo collection system, in which blastocysts can be obtained every 3 weeks from each marmoset pair. The inner cell mass was isolated by immunosurgery and plated on a mouse embryonic feeder layer. Some of the CMESC lines were cultured continuously for more than 1 year. These CMESC lines showed alkaline phosphatase activity and expressed stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81. On the other hand, SSEA-1 was not detected. Furthermore, our novel CMESCs are pluripotent, as evidenced by in vivo teratoma formation in immunodeficient mice and in vitro differentiation experiments. Our established CMESC lines and the common marmoset provide an excellent experimental model system for understanding differentiation mechanisms, as well as the development of regenerative therapies using hESCs.
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PMID:Establishment of novel embryonic stem cell lines derived from the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). 1610 58

In this study we report observations that mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) capable of supporting expansion of pluripotent, human embryonic stem cells (hESC) fail to support after immortalization using E6/E7 oncogenes in serum conditions; however this can be reversed following addition of exogenous TGF-beta2. Microarray analysis of immortalized and non-immortalized MEF revealed differential gene expression of several TGF-beta related genes. By supplementing TGF-beta2 into E6/E7 immortalized MEF cultures, this enabled proliferation of undifferentiated, pluripotent hESC as demonstrated by marker expression (Oct-4, SSEA-4, alkaline phosphatase) and teratoma formation representing three germ layers following hESC injection into immuno-deficient mice. Subsequent investigation using quantitative real-time PCR highlighted differential gene expression of several extracellular matrix related transcripts in primary and immortal (+/-TGF-beta2) feeder cells including the induction of osteopontin following addition of TGF-beta2. Our results demonstrate that TGF-beta2 and its related genes in MEF play a role in the support of pluripotent hESC expansion.
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PMID:TGF-beta2 allows pluripotent human embryonic stem cell proliferation on E6/E7 immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts. 1649 61


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