Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The highest prevalence of testicular cancer occurs in young men with high androgen activity. The presence and distribution of androgen receptors (ARs) was therefore investigated in germ cell neoplasia, using two specific monoclonal antibodies. Tissue samples from 18 patients with seminoma and/or carcinoma-in-situ (CIS) of the testis were examined. An indirect immunohistochemical method with a biotin-streptavidin-peroxidase or an alkaline phosphatase detection system was used. 45% of seminoma samples and 42% of CIS samples were AR-positive with antibody AN 1-15. The values obtained using antibody F 39.4.1 were 44 and 40% respectively. Some differences in specificity between the two antibodies were observed. Unusual granular staining of germ cells in normal testes, also present in malignant germ cells, was noted when antibody F39.4.1 was used. The presence of AR protein immunoreactivity in neoplastic germ cells suggests that androgens may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical identification of androgen receptors in germ cell neoplasia. 147 24

The role of serum alkaline phosphatase as a tumor marker for testicular germ cell disease was investigated in 26 patients with testicular seminoma and 13 with nonseminomatous germ cell testis tumors. Placental alkaline phosphatase-like enzyme was elevated in 50% of the stage I seminoma patients and in all patients with stages II to III disease. In addition, liver (tissue unspecific) alkaline phosphatase was elevated in 10 and 83% of the patients, respectively. Lactic dehydrogenase and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG) were detected in 50 to 60% of the patients with stage I seminoma. By combining placental alkaline phosphatase-like enzyme, lactic dehydrogenase and beta-HCG, 75% of the stage I and 100% of the stages II and III seminoma patients could be identified correctly. Placental alkaline phosphatase-like enzyme in serum also occurred with nonseminomatous germ cell tumor but less frequently, while liver alkaline phosphatase was not detected at all. Thus, placental alkaline phosphatase-like enzyme and liver alkaline phosphatase were predominantly determined in the serum of patients with seminoma. In studies of tumor tissues from 31 of these patients, those with normal serum placental alkaline phosphatase-like enzyme levels had significantly lower tissue placental alkaline phosphatase-like enzyme levels than patients with elevated serum levels (p less than 0.01). Seminoma tissues showed significantly higher levels of placental alkaline phosphatase-like enzyme and liver alkaline phosphatase than nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (p less than 0.01), explaining the infrequent elevation of serum placental alkaline phosphatase-like enzyme and liver alkaline phosphatase found in patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.
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PMID:The role of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes as tumor markers for testicular germ cell tumors. 171 86

Observations differ on the pre-invasive malignant lesions associated with the various categories of testicular germ cell tumours. Such lesions have been found to be similar in appearance and are assumed to be composed of multipotent cells, or conversely a distinctive pre-invasive stage has been reported in association with each form of germ cell neoplasm. This study was undertaken to see whether distinctive morphological and immunohistochemical features of carcinoma in situ adjacent to various categories of germ cell tumours could be established. Carcinoma in situ adjacent to seminomas, teratomas and mixed germ cell tumours in 18 adults was indistinguishable morphologically. Placental alkaline phosphatase was demonstrated immunohistochemically but vimentin and low molecular weight cytokeratins were uniformly absent in these abnormal germ cells from all three groups. These findings support the concept of a multipotent pre-invasive malignant cell for both seminoma and teratoma in the adult. Carcinoma in situ was not seen adjacent to 15 spermatocytic seminomas, nor was placental alkaline phosphatase demonstrated in tubules adjacent to these tumours. These negative findings are additional evidence that spermatocytic seminoma differs from classical seminoma in its histogenesis. Carcinoma in situ, as defined morphologically and immunohistochemically in adults, was not identified adjacent to yolk sac tumours and differentiated teratomas in 20 prepubertal testes. The possibility that pre-invasive malignancy in children may not resemble that in adults must be considered when assessing the malignant potential of cryptorchid testes on biopsies taken during orchidopexy.
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PMID:Morphology and immunohistochemistry of carcinoma in situ adjacent to testicular germ cell tumours in adults and children: implications for histogenesis. 172 58

The past few years have witnessed the reports of significant new events in alkaline phosphatase (AP) isozymes. The cloning of the relevant genes and their nucleotide sequencing have all been accomplished. As a group, the genes for the intestinal, germ cell and placental isozymes have considerable sequence similarity; it is noteworthy that they occupy vicinal positions on chromosome 2, while the tissue unspecific AP gene is located on chromosome 1. The latter makes evolutionary lineage and instances of coordinate expression understandable. Another new development is the demonstration of a phosphatidyl inositol glycan tail on the C-terminus of these chromosome-2 AP genes. This is the major membrane insertion mechanism for AP, which is a cell surface membrane enzyme. This information may be helpful in understanding the phenomenon of the depletion of intestinal mucosal AP during fat absorption. Finally, a discussion has been focussed on recent studies on seminoma and AP, including immunodetection and immunoradiotherapy.
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PMID:Alkaline phosphatase isozymes: recent progress. 219 29

Placental alkaline phosphatase (the PLAP-like isoenzyme) and liver alkaline phosphatase (LAP) were demonstrated immunohistochemically by use of monoclonal antibodies in the tumor cells of twelve seminomas and one seminoma metastasis. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) was not found. The PLAP-like and LAP enzymes showed high catalytic activities compared to normal testis. This is the first occasion that LAP has been demonstrated by immunochemistry in seminoma cells. The results suggest that demonstration of these tumor enzymes may be useful markers for seminomas in histopathological specimens.
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PMID:Isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatases in seminomas. An immunohistochemical and biochemical study. 224 72

Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) levels in sera and tissues from 40 patients with testicular tumor were measured using a monoclonal immuno-catalytic assay. The mean value of the PLAP levels of seminoma tissues was found to be 92-fold higher than that of normal testes, being significantly high compared with that of non-seminoma tissues. The mean value of the serum PLAP levels from patient's with seminoma was also significantly higher than that from patients with non-seminoma. In 2 groups of seminoma and mixed type tumor containing seminoma and non-seminoma components, the PLAP levels of tissues from patients who had high levels of the serum PLAP (greater than or equal to 100 mKAU) were significantly higher than those from patients who had normal serum PLAP levels (less than 100 mKAU). In the seminoma or mixed type tumor groups, the serum PLAP levels of all patients who had high levels before treatment decreased to within a normal range after orchiectomy with or without chemotherapy or radiation therapy. We conclude that PLAP seems to be an useful tumor marker for the diagnosis and the monitoring of response to treatment in patients with seminoma.
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PMID:[Serum and tissue levels of placental alkaline phosphatase in patients with testicular tumor]. 227 1

Placental-like alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) was measured by its catalytic activity (CA), using an amplified enzyme-linked immunoassay, and by its immunologic activity (IA), using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In both assays the same monoclonal anti-PLAP antibody was used as the primary reagent. This antibody reacts with the main epitope on PLAP that is common to PLAP of ovarian and testicular origin, as well as of PLAP that is induced by smoking. Determinations of CA and IA of PLAP were carried out in serum samples from 101 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (49 patients with progressive or recurrent disease, 52 patients with no evidence of disease), 20 patients with testicular cancer (8 non-seminoma testis, 12 seminoma testis) and 61 healthy controls. Smoking status was taken into consideration. The main findings from this study are: 1. In prolonged follow-up of patients who were treated for ovarian cancer, progressive or recurrent disease was never accompanied by rising values of CA or IA of PLAP. Therefore in this study, PLAP was not a good monitor for this disease. 2. In all instances where expression of PLAP was reflected by raised serum levels of these antigens, the measurement of the catalytic activity proved to be a more sensitive parameter than that of the immunologic activity. The value of PLAP measurements in the follow-up of patients with testicular cancer remains to be elucidated.
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PMID:Catalytic and immunologic activities of placental-like alkaline phosphatase in clinical studies. The value of PLAP in follow-up of ovarian cancer. 244 78

Seminomas and control tissues were analyzed for several tumor markers. Very high levels of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP)-like enzyme levels were found in all 18 seminomas studied. The majority of the seminomas were of phenotype I, thus differing from palcental PLAP. The mean amount of enzyme protein as measured by monoclonal antibodies, was 100 times higher than in non-malignant tissues and 10 times lower than in placental tissue. The specific enzymatic activity in seminomas was about half of that observed in placenta. Similarly, the specific activity of PLAP-like enzymes in sera of patients with seminoma was only about half of that found in pregnancy sera. HCG was strongly elevated in 3 seminomas, but not obviously related to PLAP. Thirteen of the 17 pure seminomas had HCG over 100 IU/g, which was not seen in normal testes. Liver alkaline phosphatase (LAP) and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) were high in seminomatous tissues, the mean increases being 60-fold and 20-fold, respectively. The highest IAP levels were found in 2 yolk-sac tumors. Ferritin was moderately elevated in seminomas, but high in several control tissues. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was not elevated and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was not detected at all in pure seminomas. A decrease in carbohydrate antigen 50 (CA-50) content was noted in seminomas as compared to normal testes, yolk-sac tumors and choriocarcinomas. Defects in tumor-related enzymes may account for increase of PLAP and decrease of CA-50.
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PMID:Patterns of seminoma tissue markers and deletions. 244

The four known isozymes of the human alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were detected by isoelectric focusing in extracts of various types of germ cell tumors, three related cell lines, and their precancerous elements (atypical germ cells). In seminoma, placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) and germ cell alkaline phosphatase (PLAP-like) could be separated by isoelectric focusing following isolation by immunoaffinity. The occurrence of both isozymes in seminoma could explain partial heat sensitivity and variation in electrophoretic patterns of the seminoma isozyme frequently observed upon starch gels, in comparison to the normal placental phenotype. The four ALP isozymes are produced not only in germ cell tumors, but already in precancerous tissues. Quantitative analysis showed that the amount of the four isozymes varies in parallel in the tumors tested. Maximal expression was found in seminoma. The relation between ALP gene overexpression and gene amplification by polyploidy of chromosomes 1 and 2 in these lesions is discussed. On the other hand, the ectopic expression of intestinal alkaline phosphatase and PLAP associated with overexpression of PLAP-like in tumor cells as well as in their precancerous stage indicates gene activation by some unknown mechanisms, probably a regulatory process affecting the three tissue-specific ALP genes simultaneously.
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PMID:Alkaline phosphatase isozymes in human testicular germ cell tumors, their precancerous stage, and three related cell lines. 254 14

Electrophoretic patterns of seminoma- and normal-testis-derived alkaline phosphatase isozymes, the placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP)-like enzyme and the tissue-nonspecific (liver) alkaline phosphatase (LAP), were studied on starch gel and isoelectric focusing (IEF). Different migration patterns of the PLAP-like enzyme were observed with respect to both seminomas and normal testes on starch gel electrophoresis. On IEF, seminomas showed different staining patterns among different tumors; however, a common main activity was focused at pIs of 4.3-4.6, corresponding to pIs of PLAP. Normal testes showed two enzyme-staining regions, at pIs of 4.1 and 5.0-5.2, which were discriminated from pIs of PLAP and the PLAP-like enzyme in seminoma. The PLAP-like enzyme in seminoma was differentiated from PLAP by digestion with neuraminidase. Neuraminidase treatment simplified the distribution patterns of the PLAP-like enzyme in normal testis, but did not alter the pattern of microheterogeneity in seminoma. Two factors other than sialylation, namely structural modification of the carbohydrate moiety and variation of hydrophobicity, were shown to contribute to the microheterogeneity of the PLAP-like enzyme in seminoma. LAP in seminoma and in normal testis also showed marked electrophoretic heterogeneity and differences in pI distributions from LAP of liver. However, the migration patterns after desialylation were very similar to each other. The findings imply that electrophoretic heterogeneity demonstrated in LAP in seminoma and in normal testis is caused by a difference in sialic acid content in the molecule, and the heterogeneity of the PLAP-like enzyme in seminoma is considerable.
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PMID:Electrophoretic heterogeneity of alkaline phosphatase isozymes in seminoma and normal testis. 278 Dec 21


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