Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

104 patients with various cancer, excluding malignant lymphoma and leukemia, underwent bone marrow biopsy using a Jamshidi needle, regular type. In 100 patients an adequate pice of bone marrow was obtained. In 24 patients metastases were detected in the bone marrow. Metastases were found in 10 of 38 (26.3%) patients with breast cancer, in 5 of 17 (29.4%) patients with lung cancer, in 5 of 10 (50%) patients with cancer of the prostate, in 1 patient with rhabdomyosarcoma, 1 with chordoma and in 2 of 14 patients who underwent biopsy in search of unknown cancer. 71% of the patients with positive findings in the bone marrow had clinical signs of bone involvement, 80% had positive X-ray film and 78.9% had positive skeletal isotope survey. Hemogram, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum calcium level and sedimentation rate were of no value in predicting whether the marrow was involved or not. No complications were documented following biopsy. The use of the Jamshidi bone marrow biopsy needle for staging and early detection of metastases in a select group cancer patients is suggested.
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PMID:Bone marrow biopsy in patients with malignant neoplasms other than lymphomas or leukemia. 11 9

An assay for thymidine substitution by iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd) using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed. Three principal steps in this procedure are: extraction of DNA from cell or tissues, hydrolysis of DNA into deoxynucleosides and separation using HPLC. Approximately 1 microgram of DNA was recovered from 10(5) cells by phenol extraction, and subjected to hydrolysis into deoxynucleosides which required a three-stage DNA digestion using enzymes DNAse I. phosphodiesterase I and alkaline phosphatase. The deoxynucleosides were separated on the Microsorb C18 column with isocratic elution; 90-100% of the DNA was recovered as deoxynucleosides on the column. The method was used to determine quantitatively the percent IdUrd substitution of thymidine in Chinese hamster lung cells in vitro and BA1112 rhabdomyosarcoma in WAG/Rij rats perfused with IdUrd. It was possible to determine the thymidine substitution by IdUrd as small as 1% using a few micrograms of DNA. The close correspondence between the percent substitutions determined by HPLC and those determined by radioactive assay using [125I]-labelled IdUrd, confirmed the accuracy of our HPLC method. The HPLC analysis is especially suitable for the determination of percent IdUrd substitution of thymidine in tissue biopsies from animals used in in vivo experiments or humans undergoing radiation treatment.
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PMID:A method for determination of iododeoxyuridine substitution of thymidine using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. 200 16

The present study describes 11 cases (10 carcinomas, one rhabdomyosarcoma) in which immuno-alkaline phosphatase labelling with monoclonal antibodies was used to demonstrate metastatic cells in routine smears of aspirated bone marrow. Carcinoma cells were detected using antibodies against epithelial cytokeratins, milk fat globule membrane antigen and carcinoembryonic antigen, and rhabdomyosarcoma cells with monoclonal anti-desmin. In four of the carcinoma cases it had not been possible to identify malignant cells in routinely stained marrow smears, whilst the case of disseminated rhabdomyosarcoma had initially been diagnosed (and treated) as a case of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The anti-cytokeratin antibody was found to be the most valuable of the anti-epithelial reagents used, since it labelled malignant cells in all of the 10 cases of carcinoma and gave the strongest reactions. These results suggest that immunocytochemical labelling should be used in cases of suspected carcinoma whenever conventional examination of marrow smears yields negative results, and furthermore (as illustrated by the case of rhabdomyosarcoma) that the technique is of value for identifying the true nature of poorly differentiated neoplasms in bone marrow.
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PMID:Detection of metastatic tumour cells in routine bone marrow smears by immuno-alkaline phosphatase labelling with monoclonal antibodies. 241 78

Recently, great interest has been shown in the histological identification of small cell tumours of childhood--nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumour), neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma--using immunohistochemical methods. However, several antigens operationally specific for leucocyte typing in blood and marrow are also expressed on cells of epithelial and neural origin. We undertook phenotypic characterization of 17 non-haemopoietic small cell tumours of childhood using a panel of 30 monoclonal antibodies to leucocyte, epithelial and cytoskeletal antigens using a sensitive alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase technique on cryostat sections of fresh tumour. Our results demonstrated frequent expression of the leucocyte-associated antigens CD10 (CALLA), CD9 (p24) and CDw32 (FcRII) in these small cell tumours and occasional expression of MHC class II (HLA-DR) and HNK-1 antigens. However, the leucocyte-associated antigens CD45 (leucocyte common), CD22 (pan B-cell), CD11b (C3bi receptor), CD15 (Lewisx) or CDw42 (platelet gp Ib) were not detected on any tumour. Aberrant expression of desmin, neurofilament and UJ13A antigen was found in nephroblastoma and of epithelial-associated markers (CIBr17 and 43-9F) in neuroblastoma. Our results also demonstrated broad reactivity in frozen section with two monoclonal antibodies specific for melanoma (NKI/C-3) or epithelial cells (OM-1) in paraffin sections. Hence, it is necessary to include monoclonal antibodies to CD45 and pan-epithelial antigens, e.g. LP34 (cytokeratin) or HEA125 for the precise immunohistochemical identification of small round cell malignancies of childhood.
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PMID:Phenotypic characterization of non-haemopoietic small cell tumours of childhood with monoclonal antibodies to leucocytes, epithelial cells and cytoskeletal proteins. 254

A new human rhabdomyosarcoma cell strain, designated KYM-1, has been established from a neck tumor found in a 9-month-old infant. The cultured cells were round and mainly free-floating or in a moniliform pattern with a population doubling time of 75 hours. In stained preparations, the cells were pleomorphic and had a single round or oval nucleus in non-striated cytoplasm. However, the intracellular presence of myogenic markers was clearly shown by enzyme-immunochemical stains. An ultrastructural feature of the KYM-1 cells was the presence of numerous intermediate filaments in the perinuclear area and around the Golgi complexes which were associated with abundant cell organelles and aggregates of glycogen granules. High viscosity of the spent culture medium was attributed to hyaluronic acid, identified by electrophoresis and hyaluronidase digestion, and immunological and biochemical analyses revealed that the increased concentration of plasminogen activator activity found in the culture medium was almost wholly of the tissue plasminogen activator type. The KYM-1 cells also contained high concentrations of alkaline phosphatase activity. Tumorigenicity of the cells was confirmed by heterotransplantation into hamsters treated with anti-thymocyte serum.
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PMID:Characterization of a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell strain in tissue culture. 383 Feb 65

A simple and reliable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the measurement of anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies. The test utilizes a membrane-bound AChR obtained from a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (TE671) as antigen and employs an affinity-purified rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin G alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody as labelled antibody. To assess the sensitivity and the specificity of our assay we tested serum samples from 13 anti-AChR antibody-positive myasthenia gravis (MG) patients known to contain between 2 and 120 nmol/l of anti-AChR antibody, three anti-AChR antibody-negative MG patients, and 70 control subjects including patients with other neurological and autoimmune diseases. A panel of six different anti-AChR monoclonal antibodies and membranes from a AChR-negative rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line (PC 12) were also used in competitive studies. The test showed to be specific and able to detect as low as 2.0 nmol/l of anti-AChR antibodies. Moreover, we found a good correspondence between anti-AChR antibody levels measured in the serum samples tested by our assay and levels measured by the routinely adopted radioimmuno assay (RIA) using human-AChR (r = 0.96). Cross-reaction phenomena were observed only using serum samples containing high-titer anti-DNA antibodies. The proposed ELISA, circumventing the limitation of the commonly used RIA (radioactivity and amputated legs as source of human antigen), can be considered as an useful screening test for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.
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PMID:Detection of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody by an ELISA using human receptor from a rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. 817 22

The diagnostic value of immunophenotyping (IP) as a first-line diagnostic method in diseases that infiltrate the childhood bone marrow (BM) or mimic infiltrated BM was examined. Two hundred and fifty unselected BM samples from 250 children suspected to have a malignancy infiltrating their BM were evaluated by means of IP and conventional morophological-cytochemical (MC) studies. We applied the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase method for IP using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against leukocyte-associated antigens, neuroectodermal antigens, and intermediate filament antigens. Four cases of neuroblastoma, two cases of Ewing sarcoma, and one case of rhabdomyosarcoma were diagnosed by IP but not by MC studies. In nine cases of acute leukemia bone marrow blasts could not be ascribed to a specific lineage on the basis of blast morphology or histochemistry. Eight samples without morphological evidence of malignant infiltration revealed an increased percentage of immature B cell precursors (CD10+, TdT+) suggesting acute lymphoblastic leukemia. None of these children has developed malignant lymphoproliferative disease. Our data suggest that the immunological evaluation of BM in childhood is highly capable of discriminating between different malignant populations but it does not recognize malignancy and therefore supplements but cannot replace conventional methods for diagnosis.
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PMID:Differential diagnosis based on immunological-phenotyping in suspected malignant bone marrow involvement in childhood. 902 11

Rhabdomyosarcoma in adults represents a rare soft tissue neoplasm which is seen most frequently in its pleomorphic subtype in this age group. Very rarely, clear cell and spindle-cell variants have been reported. In this study we describe three cases of rhabdomyosarcoma in adult patients, characterised by prominent hyaline sclerosis and a pseudovascular growth pattern. All cases were identified in the consultation files of one of the authors and routinely processed. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on paraffin sections with the alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase method. The patients, two women and one man, were 40, 41, and 56 years old. One developed a deep-seated soft tissue mass in the left lower leg, and one, a tumour of the left upper jaw. In one patient a bone tumour in the proximal body of the sacrum without extension into soft tissues was seen. The patients were treated by wide excision, piecemeal excision and incomplete excision in one case each; additional radiotherapy was performed in all three cases, and chemotherapy in two patients. In one patient multiple pulmonary metastases were noted, which showed progression despite systemic chemotherapy. Histologically, the neoplasms were composed of round/polygonal and spindle-shaped tumour cells including typical rhabdomyoblasts. In all cases a pseudovascular pattern and prominent hyaline sclerosis of the intercellular matrix was seen. Immunohistochemically, tumour cells stained positively for desmin and muscle actin (HHF35) and also for markers of striated muscle differentiation (myogenin, MyoD1, fast myosin). In this paper an unusual morphological variant of rhabdomyosarcoma arising in adult patients is described, which should be added to the morphological spectrum of these neoplasms.
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PMID:Sclerosing, pseudovascular rhabdomyosarcoma in adults. Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of three cases. 1083 31

Primary intrahepatic rhabdomyosarcoma is extremely rare in children. We describe a case of pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma originating from the liver in an eight-year-old boy presenting with abdominal pain, spiking fever and a rapidly growing abdominal mass for one week. Preoperative imaging studies revealed a large solid tumor in the right lobe of the liver without any tumor elsewhere in the body. Serological study was negative for HBsAg and positive for anti-HBs. Biochemical tests including serum glutamic-oxalacetic and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and alpha-fetoprotein were all within normal limits. The tumor was removed by an extended right hepatectomy. Histological and immunohistochemical examination confirmed a pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma. The patient eventually succumbed to tumor recurrence with massive internal hemorrhage two months after resection of the tumor. This is the first report of primary pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma of the liver in children. Abdominal ultrasonography, computed tomography scan and angiography are valuable for preoperative planning but the imaging findings are non-specific. Pathological examination with immunohistochemical stains remains the most important method in arriving at the exact diagnosis. The poor prognosis and early death of most previously reported cases imply the need for investigation of a more effective treatment method of this uncommon tumor.
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PMID:Primary pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma of the liver: a case report. 1262 94

The purpose of this study was to determine the differential effects of therapeutic X-radiation on constituent bone cells relative to the pediatric tumor cells: Ewing's sarcoma of bone and rhabdomyosarcoma. In addition, the radioprotectant drugs amifostine and sodium selenite were administered to constituent bone cells and the two tumor cells to determine if the radioprotectants differentially protect bone cells while not benefiting the tumor cells. These studies are a necessary first step in determining the potential clinical benefit of radioprotective therapy. An established in vitro cell culture model employing both constituent bone cells (osteoblasts, primary bone marrow monocytes, osteoclasts chondrocytes, and endothelial cells) and the tumor cells lines (Ewing's sarcoma of bone and rhabdomyosarcoma) were exposed to irradiation, amifostine, and sodium selenite. Cells were then assayed for changes in cell number, cytotoxicity, mineralization, bone resorption, cell attachment, osteocalcin, caspase-3 expression, clonogenic survival, and alkaline phosphatase expression. Radiation therapy differentially decreased cell number; with osteoblasts being shown to be the least sensitive to irradiation, the tumor cells had an intermediate sensitivity and monocytes were the most sensitive. Both amifostine and sodium selenite protected chondrocytes and osteoblasts from the negative effects of irradiation, while not protecting the tumor cells. The pediatric tumor cell lines were generally more radiosensitive than the bone cells examined. The radioprotectant drugs amifostine and sodium selenite provided significant radioprotection to constituent bone cells while not protecting the tumor cells. Finally, amifostine and sodium selenite therapy provided an additional benefit beyond radioprotection by increasing cytotoxicity in nonirradiated and irradiated tumor cells.
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PMID:The differential effects of the radioprotectant drugs amifostine and sodium selenite treatment in combination with radiation therapy on constituent bone cells, Ewing's sarcoma of bone tumor cells, and rhabdomyosarcoma tumor cells in vitro. 1847 85


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