Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The hitherto existing results of determinations of enzymatic activities in stool are presented in this review. The chymotrypsin activity is diminished in advanced exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. The faecal alpha-amylase activity has up to now no significance in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases. Up to five amylolytic enzyme activities are detectable. The alkaline phosphatase is mostly of intestinal origin. Up to 4 enzyme bands can be exhibited with the disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Lysozyme and N-Acetyl-beta-D-glycosaminidase can also be detected in stool.
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PMID:[Faecal enzyme diagnostic (author's transl)]. 9 52

Investigations for the proof of isoenzymes of the alkaline phosphatase and the alpha-amylase in stool were carried out. The measurements of the faecal enzyme activities were performed in 96 patients with intestinal diseases. The disc electrophoresis in the polyacrylamide gel served for the separation of isoenzymes. The separated enzyme bands of the extracts of stool were compared with those ones of serum duodenal juice and extracts of the mucous membrane of the duodenum, the jujunum, the ileum as well as of the colon. Hereby up to 4 very much anodically wandering bands were present, which might be subunits or fission products of the alkaline phosphatase. In the alpha-amylase up to 5 bands could be proved, which were compared with those ones of the serum, the duodenal juice and the urine. A coordination of these isoenzymes concerning their origin is not possible. The faecal activities of enzymes correlate with the weights of stool. In exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and ulcerous colitis increased faecal activities of enzymes are found, the genesis of which is discussed.
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PMID:[Determination of isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase and alpha-amylase in feces]. 30 28

The roles of extracellular and intracellular mechanisms in the degradation of brush border proteins have been investigated by studying the small intestinal mucosa of dogs with naturally occurring exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Peroral jejunal biopsies were homogenised and the organelles separated by isopycnic centrifugation on continuous sucrose density gradients. The distributions of marker enzymes for the principal subcellular organelles were determined in the gradients and related to the specific activities in the homogenates. There were increased activities of the brush border carbohydrases zinc-resistant alpha-glucosidase, maltase and sucrase in the pancreatic insufficient animals, but no change in lactase activity. The activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase was also higher in the affected group; the activities of two other brush border enzymes, alkaline phosphatase and leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase, however, were unaltered. These findings with an increase in the modal density of the brush border from 1.20 to 1.22 are consistent with an enhanced glycoprotein content of the microvillus membrane. There were also rises in the activities of lysosomal enzymes. N-Acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity was increased in the soluble fractions and the percentage latent enzyme activity was reduced, findings indicative of an increased fragility of the lysosomal membrane. There were no marked alterations in the activities or density gradient distributions of marker enzymes for the other organelles, stressing the specificity of the changes in the brush borders and lysosomes. These findings are compatible with the degradation of certain exposed brush border proteins by pancreatic proteases and suggest that when this is defective, intracellular degradative mechanisms may be stimulated.
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PMID:Biochemical changes in the jejunal mucosa of dogs with naturally occurring exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. 48 65

Digestive enzymatic activities (disaccharidases, alkaline phosphatase, peptide hydrolases) have been determined in the mucosa of 14 patients with chronic pancreatitis. All had an abnormal secretin-pancreozymin test. Four patients had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, four a pathological glucose tolerance test. Nine patients had steatorrhoea. Maltase, sucrase, and alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly elevated in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, whereas those of lactase, trehalase, and peptide hydrolase were normal. Patients with steatorrhoea had higher maltase and sucrase activity than those without steatorrhoea, whereas decreased glucose tolerance had no effect on brush border enzymatic activity. It is suggested thatdecreased exocrine rather than decreased endocrine pancreatic function is responsible for the increase in intestinal disaccharidase and alkaline phosphatase activity, possible by the influence of pacreatic enzymes on the turnover of brush border enzymes from the luminal side of the mucosal membranes or by direct hormonal stimulation though cholecystokinin.
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PMID:Influence of exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function on intestinal brush border enaymatic activities. 109 2

1. Intestinal brush border enzymes have heterogeneous rates of turnover, the largest proteins having the fastest turnover. Since the membrane faces the intestinal lumen, the effects of pancreatic factors were examined in mediating this turnover. Surgical subtotal pancreatectomy was used as an experimental model to study the turnover of brush border proteins in the absence of most pancreatic secretions. 2. Subtotal (95%) pancreatectomy of rats was found to cause elevations by about 50% of total activity and specific activities of certain brush border enzymes (maltase, sucrase, lactase), but not of others (alkaline phosphatase, trehalase). Rats were judged to be functionally deficient in pancreatic proteolytic enzymes (a) by demonstration of vitamin B-12 malabsorption, which was corrected by trypsin, and (b) by the finding of only about 20% of proteolytic activity appearing in the lumen after a test meal when compared to control. 3. To measure protein turnover in vivo the method of double labelling was used, where [3H]- and [14C]valine were administered intraduodenally in sequence 10 h apart. With this technique, a high 3H/14C ratio is correlated with rapid turnover. Proteins with apparent molecular weights of about 200 000-270 000 were found to turn over more rapidly than smaller proteins. 3H/14C ranged from 4.7 to 6.2 in animals without pancreatic insufficiency. In the face of decreased pancreatic proteolysis, the 3H/14C ratio was 2.3-3.1, similar to that of proteins with a slow half life. 4. Estimates of relative synthetic rates of large brush border proteins were lower than normal in pancreatectomized animals, but were constant over the period of the labelling experiment. The high enzyme levels in the face of lower synthetic rates confirms that, at the new steady rate, degradation rates must be slower for large brush border proteins in pancreatic insufficiency. 5. In vitro, using purified brush borders, unfractionated pancreatic enzymes were found to remove sucrase, maltase and lactase, but not alkaline phosphatase and trehalase. The enzyme most potent in this respect was the pancreatic protease, elastase. Non-proteolytic enzymes (amylase, lipase, phospholipase A) were inactive in removing enzyme from the brush border. The addition of elastase to pancreatectomized animals in vivo restored the rapid turnover rate of large brush border proteins. 6. A model is thus proposed for the normal catabolism of some large intestinal brush border proteins. It is suggested that the surface of intestinal absorptive cells is being constantly remodelled, and that certain surface enzymes are in part removed from the membrane by the action of pancreatic proteases. A possible special role for elastase is suggested.
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PMID:The possible role of pancreatic proteases in the turnover of intestinal brush border proteins. 114 88

Intestinal enzyme activities were investigated in mice with spontaneously occurring exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), in rats after induction of pancreatic insufficiency by intraductal injection of oleic acid, and in rats after feeding a proteinase inhibitor (Camostate) which induced a marked pancreatic hypertrophy. An increase in saccharase activity and in vitro uptake of L-phenylalanine was found in EPI mice, while activities of alkaline phosphatase and lactase were not altered. In oleic acid induced pancreatic insufficiency and in pancreatic hypertrophy no alterations in enzyme activities were observed. Morphometric analysis revealed no alterations in mucosal surface of EPI mice. It was suggested that the small intestine adapts fuctionally to severe and long lasting pancreatic insufficiency, but not to pancreatic hypertrophy.
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PMID:Effect of pancreatic atrophy and hypertrophy on the small intestine. 369 8

The aim of this study was to examine bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism in patients with chronic pancreatitis to determine if increased severity of the disease would correlate with increased bone loss. Between October 1999 and September 2000, we investigated 42 patients with an average age of approximately 53 years suffering from chronic pancreatitis, as well as 20 healthy male controls with an average age of 49 years. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was performed on patients and controls, and serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin (OC), carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (CICP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), 1,25(OH)(2) vitamin D(3) and 25(OH) vitamin D(3), as well as fecal elastase 1 were also determined. The severity of chronic pancreatitis in patients was determined via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and assigned to 1 of 3 grades based on the Cambridge classification. BMD of patients with chronic pancreatitis was markedly decreased compared to controls (means in patients: DEXA lumbar vertebra anterior/posterior (LV ap) 96.8% +/- 4.2%, DEXA Ward's triangle (WARD) 92.2% +/- 5.2%; controls: DEXA LV ap 98.7% +/- 3.7%, DEXA WARD 97.1% +/- 3.1%; P <.05 and P <.0001) and correlated with the various Cambridge-grades (DEXA LV ap and DEXA WARD, P <.01). Fecal elastase 1 showed sensitivities of 14%, 87%, and 95% for the Cambridge-grades I, II, and III, respectively, and correlated with this classification of severity of chronic pancreatitis (P <.01). Furthermore, fecal elastase 1 of patients correlated the same way with both D(3)-vitamins (P <.01), as well as with parameters of BMD (P <.01). If fecal elastase 1 in patients was below 200 micro g/g, then the BMD and vitamin D(3) values were also significantly decreased compared to those with fecal elastase 1 above 200 micro g/g. In patients with Cambridge grades II and III 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) was markedly decreased (26.7 +/- 7.7 pg/mL and 27.6 +/- 9.0 pg/mL) compared to those with Cambridge grade I (38.0 +/- 10.5 pg/mL; between I and II, P =.027; between I and III, P =.033). 25(OH)D(3) was not significantly different within the various Cambridge groups (P =.07). Compared to controls, both D(3) vitamins, as well as fecal elastase 1, were extremely low (means in patients: fecal elastase 1, 140.7 +/- 75.7 micro g/g; 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), 29.9 +/- 9.5 pg/mL; 25(OH)D(3), 26.7 +/- 9.7 nmol/L; controls: fecal elastase 1, 694.9 +/- 138.6 micro g/g; 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), 67.5 +/- 4.3 pg/mL; 25(OH)D(3), 69.5 +/- 13.5 nmol/L). A significant correlation was observed between increased severity of chronic pancreatitis based on both endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and levels of fecal elastase 1, with decreased circulating levels of vitmain D(3) and decreased BMD. This supports a connection between the inflammatory destruction of the pancreas (Cambridge classification), exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (fecal elastase 1), altered levels of vitamin D metabolites, and loss of skeletal mass.
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PMID:Alterations of bone mineral density and bone metabolism in patients with various grades of chronic pancreatitis. 1275 87

Routine liver biochemical parameters were evaluated in 8 dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) induced by surgical ligation of the pancreatic duct and the pancreatic branch of the pancreaticoduodenal artery and confirmed with the trypsin-like immunoreactivity test. Eight additional dogs were used as healthy controls. Data collection began at the 4th week postoperatively and continued weekly to the 21st week. In the dogs with EPI, the serum activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase were consistently elevated. The serum total and conjugated bilirubin concentrations remained within normal limits throughout the experimental period. Histopathological study revealed hepatic lipidosis in the dogs with EPI. Therefore, since this condition seems to be an additional consequence of EPI in dogs, laboratory evaluation of dogs with EPI must include assessment of liver function, to determine if additional or different therapeutic measures are indicated.
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PMID:Liver biochemical and histopathological findings in dogs with experimentally induced exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. 1497 36

Silent gall-stone causes significant morbidity and mortality and its incidence in India as well as in whole world is on the rise. It has positive correlation with development of carcinoma gall bladder. So far no predictive study has been done to show its correlation with biochemical markers. The present study has been aimed to establish whether simple enzymatic markers can predict association with cholelithiasis. Study group has been selected from the patients attending general surgery OPD of a tertiary healthcare centre with complaints of vague abdominal pain, flatulence and dyspepsia. A total of 61 cases (male = 18, female = 43) were studied and data matched with age and sex matched control. The biochemical markers studied are serum alkaline phosphatase, serum lipase, serum alpha-amylase and serum pancreatic amylase. Patients with obstructive cholelithiasis, duct stones, pancreatic insufficiency and malignancy are excluded from the study. The results were analysed by Student's t-test. Alkaline phosphatase in all the above mentioned cases was not significantly different from the control group (40 female, 21 male healthy individuals). A significant association was found out with serum alpha-amylase (p < 0.05) and a highly significant association was found out with pancreatic amylase (p < 0.001). Results of serum lipase however were inconclusive (p = 0.1). Pancreatic amylase can be estimated at a reasonable cost and costwise may prove to be a marker of gall-stone diseases which are in many cases silent preventing further complications and chances of Malignancy especially where alkaline phosphatase isinconclusive.
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PMID:Study of serum lipase, alpha-amylase and pancreatic amylose in gall-stone diseases. 2248 Jan 1

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