Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis are at an increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, which is difficult to diagnose because the biliary tree is already distorted. Eleven patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation at this hospital were evaluated. Four patients had coincidental histologically proved cholangiocarcinoma. Patients with cholangiocarcinoma in contrast to patients without tumour presented with rapid onset of persistent jaundice, pruritus, and weight loss associated with an appreciable rise in bilirubin (8x v 2x) and alkaline phosphatase (3.5x v 1.2x) over one year. Cholangiography and computed tomography showed appreciably dilated intrahepatic bile ducts (3/4 v 0/7). The diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma could only be established before operation in one patient by fine needle aspiration cytology. Tumour was recognised at operation in one other. Histological examination of hepatectomy specimens showed that patients with cholangiocarcinoma had less advanced histological features of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Multiple areas of carcinoembryonic antigen positive epithelial atypia and carcinoma in situ were found in all patients with cholangiocarcinoma. Cholangiocarcinoma recurred in two patients at 14 and 39 months after transplantation. Superimposed cholangiocarcinoma can be predicted in most patients with cholangitis before transplantation, although a definitive diagnosis is difficult to make. Their prognosis after successful transplantation is guarded.
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PMID:Predicting cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis before transplantation. 166 Dec 59

Enzyme-labeled monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were used in an immunohistochemical, dual-staining study of 10 colon adenocarcinomas. MAbs B72.3 and COL-4, reactive with the high molecular weight tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 (TAG-72) antigen and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), respectively, were labeled with horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase. Dual staining using the two MAbs on a single tissue section (formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded) showed that greater numbers of carcinoma cells could be detected by using the combination of the two MAbs than could be detected by use of either MAb alone. In many tumors, some carcinoma cells reacted with MAb B72.3, some reacted with MAb COL-4, and some cells reacted with both MAbs. Only 1 of 10 carcinomas showed greater than 75% reactive cells when stained with each MAb individually. In 9 of 10 cases, however, greater than 75% of cells reacted when the combination of MAbs was used. Cell surface and cytoplasmic patterns of reactivity were observed with both MAbs while some pools of extracellular mucin were composed of both TAG-72 and CEA. This study supports the rationale for the use of a combination of anti-TAG-72 and anti-CEA MAbs for in vitro immunologic detection and potential in vivo immunodiagnostic and immunotherapeutic applications for these MAbs in colon adenocarcinoma patients.
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PMID:Complementation of expression of carcinoembryonic antigen and tumor associated glycoprotein-72 (TAG-72) in human colon adenocarcinomas. 171 93

We developed a chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) to quantify such tumor markers as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), CA19-9, and CA125. We used a novel chemiluminescent substrate, a derivative of 1,2-dioxetane phosphate (AMPPD), to measure alkaline phosphatase as a labeling enzyme to Fab' fragments of antibody. Regardless of the solid phase, i.e., polystyrene beads (6 mm diameter) or ferrite-coated particles (0.3 microns diameter), the standard curves within the dynamic ranges of the conventional RIA or enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were linear in all cases except for those with AFP. Use of the ferrite particles further shortens the immunoreaction, so the assay can be performed in 30 min. In addition, the relationships between concentrations of the marker and chemiluminescent signals for CA19-9, CA125, and CEA were linear up to concentrations about 10-fold greater than the ordinary dynamic ranges. Intra- and interassay CVs (averages for individual analyte) were 2.2%-4.9% and 2.0%-5.8%, respectively. In an analysis of serum samples, results of the CLEIA correlated reasonably well with those of RIA or EIA. The lower limit of detection by CLEIA with ferrite particles was 390 arb. units/L for CA19-9, 990 arb. units/L for CA125, 0.06 micrograms/L for CEA, and 0.03 micrograms/L for AFP. Thus, the sensitivity increased to between two- and 10-fold that of RIA or colorimetric EIA, depending on the analytes.
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PMID:Rapid and sensitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for measuring tumor markers. 171 38

The optimal laboratory evaluation for the early detection of liver metastases from colorectal cancer is controversial. This investigation was undertaken to compare the efficacy of liver function tests (LFTs) with that of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels for the early detection of liver metastases. Patients who developed liver metastases after potentially curative resections of adenocarcinoma of the colorectum between 1974 and 1988 were reviewed. The following laboratory tests were serially evaluated during the follow-up period: CEA, alkaline phosphatase (AP), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). These values were retrospectively assessed from the time of documented liver metastases to identify which lab value(s) were elevated initially. Ninety-two patients were available for study. Average time for the occurrence of liver metastases was 20 months (range, 3-72 months). The incidence of elevation of individual tests at the time of suspicion of liver metastasis was: CEA, 94.6 percent (P less than 0.25, chi-squared); AP, 18.5 percent; SGOT, 12.0 percent; SGPT, 5.4 percent; and LDH, 29.3 percent. When comparing CEA with a battery of LFTs at the time of suspicion of liver metastasis, CEA was elevated with normal LFTs in 64.1 percent (P less than 0.05, chi-squared), the most frequent occurrence. At least one LFT was elevated with a normal CEA in only 2.2 percent; CEA and at least one LFT were increased in 30.4 percent; and both tests were normal in only 3.3 percent. These results indicate that, of the individual laboratory tests performed, CEA elevation heralds liver metastases significantly more frequently. LDH is the liver function test most frequently elevated when liver metastases are first suspected. When CEA is directly compared with a battery of LFTs, CEA is statistically significantly more frequently elevated. In fact, suspicion of liver metastases would have been delayed by the omission of LFTs in only 2.2 percent of patients. Therefore, we conclude that LFTs should be deleted from the follow-up of colorectal cancer patients, decreasing costs without significantly decreasing accuracy.
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PMID:Role of carcinoembryonic antigen and liver function tests in the detection of recurrent colorectal carcinoma. 191 46

Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) scores in peripheral blood, and plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were determined in 122 colorectal cancer patients, and compared to 30 healthy persons, who served as controls. Both markers are gradually elevated according to the severity of tumor penetration. LAP scores in Dukes'C and D (157 +/- 79) were significantly higher than in Dukes'A, B1 and B2 (81 +/- 43), p less than 0.001. CEA levels were also higher in Dukes'C and D (50 +/- 95) than in patients with Dukes'A, B1 and B2 (25 +/- 54), p less than 0.07, but less significantly. The LAP score has at least the same reliability as the CEA values as a marker of stage in colorectal cancer patients.
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PMID:Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase and carcinoembryonic antigen in colorectal cancer patients (usefulness in the assessment of the stage). 199 36

Pleural cavity exudates obtained from 26 patients with cancer of the lung, ovary, stomach and breast and 13 cases of nononcological pathologies were studied using enzymatic cytochemical methods and monoclonal antibodies. A complex of tissue markers (carcinoembryonic antigen, 90 kdalton glycoproteid, activity of alkaline phosphatase and nonspecific alpha-naphthylacetate esterase, and PAS-positive bodies) was identified. It allows to differentiate between malignant and mesothelial cells in smears prepared from exudates.
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PMID:[Cancerous and mesothelial cells in pleural exudates studied by enzymatic chemical methods and monoclonal antibodies]. 201 78

Peripheral blood leukocyte alkaline phosphatase scores and plasma carcinoembryonic antigen levels in 26 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer were compared to those in 30 healthy controls. Patients had metastases to the liver and abdomen. The mean leukocyte alkaline phosphatase score in the metastatic colorectal cancer patients was significantly higher than in the control group (246 +/- 65 vs, 52 +/- 26, p less than 0.001); and the mean carcinoembryonic antigen level in the patients was also significantly higher than in the controls (110 +/- 100 vs, 4.9 +/- 3 ng/ml, p less than 0.001). One hundred percent of the metastatic cancer patients had elevated LAP scores and 73% of these patients had elevated CEA levels. There was a difference between the mean CEA levels in the patients with liver metastases and those with abdominal metastases (162 +/- 135 vs, 39 +/- 53 ng/ml, p less than 0.04). The results suggest that although both markers were elevated in metastatic colorectal cancer, the LAP score seems to be more useful in detecting metastatic disease, since we found 11% false negatives with the CEA level and 0% false negatives with the LAP score.
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PMID:Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase and carcinoembryonic antigen in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. 204 30

Many human cancer cell lines which have been maintained in fetal bovine serum (FBS)-supplemented medium produce and secrete many substances such as transferrin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, creatine kinase, carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, carbohydrate antigen 19/9, and cytokines including colony-stimulating factors and transforming growth factor, and further they may produce small amounts of unknown substances. Usually, small amounts of substances have to be concentrated as highly as possible for detection, but FBS interferes with this procedure. A protein-free culture system is an ideal method for detecting small quantities of substances which originate from cancer cells without interference by FBS. However, we were concerned that protein-free culture may interrupt the production of the substances which have been produced in FBS-supplemented medium. In this study, we investigated the productibility of 46 kinds of well-known substances in ten newly established cell lines derived from human pancreatic cancer. These cell lines were propagated in a protein-free non-FBS-supplemented medium. Of the ten cases, one cell line alone that was derived from acinal cell carcinoma propagated as a semisuspension; on the other hand, nine cell lines that were derived from ductal cell carcinoma propagated as monolayers without piling up. This method prolongs the doubling time, which is not affected by the addition of FBS. The spent media of these cell lines were collected aseptically after the removal of cell debris and concentrated by ultrafiltration using a Pericon cassette followed by lyophilization. Using 46 kinds of available antibodies, we investigated whether or not the substances which react to these antibodies could be detected in the spent media and in the cells by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry. Among these cell lines, HPC-Y11 produced and secreted the most kinds of substances, and the production of those substances was lowest in HPC-Y0. In conclusion, our protein-free culture system can be available in every laboratory, since this is not only an economical method, but also an effective method for the saving of purification procedures. Moreover, this is a most suitable method for surveying unknown substances derived from cancer cell lines.
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PMID:Characterization of new human pancreatic cancer cell lines which propagate in a protein-free chemically defined medium. 220 67

Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) scores and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were analyzed in 53 patients suffering from breast cancer. All patients underwent mastectomy and received adjuvant treatment, and all lived more than 5 years after diagnosis without metastatic disease. Thirty-three patients received adjuvant radiotherapy, and 20 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. The median LAP score before radiotherapy was 117 +/- 48; two months after the beginning of radiotherapy this value was 175 +/- 71, being significantly higher than the original value (p less than 0.001), and one year after the beginning of radiotherapy it was 105 +/- 63, which approximated the normal scores. The median LAP score before chemotherapy was 138 +/- 69; two months after the beginning of chemotherapy it was 194 +/- 63, i.e. significantly higher than before chemotherapy (p less than 0.002), and one year after the beginning of chemotherapy it was 150 +/- 56. Median CEA levels before radiotherapy were 6.4 +/- 5.1 ng/ml; two months after the beginning of radiotherapy this value was 6.0 +/- 5.0 ng/ml; and one year later 7.4 +/- 6.2 ng/ml. Median CEA levels before chemotherapy were 8.1 +/- 12.0 ng/ml; two months after the beginning of chemotherapy 12.6 +/- 13.0 ng/ml (p less than 0.05) in comparison with the values before chemotherapy; and one year after the beginning of chemotherapy it was 8.6 +/- 5.4 ng/ml. We concluded that the LAP scores were influenced by adjuvant radio- or chemotherapy, and the CEA levels were influenced by chemotherapy.
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PMID:Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase and carcinoembryonic antigen in breast cancer patients. Influence of the treatment on the markers. 227 82

The development of bone metastases in cancer can be monitored easily using three markers: 24 h urinary hydroxyproline excretion (HOP) (an index of osteoclastic activity), serum alkaline phosphatase (Alk.Ph.) (an index of osteoblastic activity) and 24 h whole body retention of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (WBR%) (an index of bone turnover). To evaluate the effectiveness of this group of bone tumor markers in breast cancer we compared it with the following group of three markers which are commonly used in the monitoring of breast cancer and in the follow-up of advanced disease with or without bone metastases: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) and breast carcinoma antigen (CA 15/3). In 48 patients with bone metastases CEA, TPA and CA 15/3 were shown to be sensitive (79%, 85%, 90% respectively), while HOP, Alk.Ph. and WBR%, which are commonly accepted as reliable markers of bone activity, showed a lower sensitivity (67%, 46%, 75% respectively). These results may be explained by the lack of osteoclastic or osteoblastic (or both) activity at the time of diagnosis. This explanation is supported by the fact that the bone markers HOP, Alk.Ph. and WBR% were found to be more sensitive than the others in the subsequent follow-up study. We conclude that in our study, CEA, TPA and CA 15/3 are at first more sensitive than Alk.Ph., HOP and WBR% but during the follow-up Alk.Ph., HOP and WBR% are possibly both more specific and more sensitive.
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PMID:Comparison between CEA, TPA, CA 15/3 and hydroxyproline, alkaline phosphatase, whole body retention of 99mTc MDP in the follow-up of bone metastases in breast cancer. 228 79


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