Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of two cell membrane enzymes, alkaline phosphatase and alkaline phosphodiesterase I has been studied in normal and leukaemic lymphocytes. No reduction in the level of activity of either enzyme was found in the chronic or acute B- and T-cell leukaemias. Alkaline phosphatase activity was elevated in the lymphocytes from T-CLL, cord blood and tonsils and the blast cells from Null-ALL. Alkaline phosphodiesterase was elevated in lymphocytes from cord blood and tonsils and the blast cells from Null-ALL. As findings in Null-ALL were based on only two cases, they need confirmation in a larger series. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to current theories of maturation and differentiation in the lymphoproliferative disorders.
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PMID:Cell membrane enzymes. II. Alkaline phosphatase and alkaline phosphodiesterase I in normal and leukaemic lymphocytes. 21 96

Findings with six cytochemical reactions demonstrable in normal and leukaemic lymphocytes were reviewed. The two methods which are presently of greater diagnostic value are the acid phosphatase (AP) and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) reactions. AP has a definitive role in the diagnosis of acute and chronic T-cell leukaemias, where a strong positive reaction helps to distinguish them from most B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. New findings concerning the ultrastructural localization of this enzyme are presented. ANAE is of value in distinguishing T-lymphocytes (positive localized reaction) from B lymphocytes (negative reaction) and the T micron from the T gamma subpopulation of T-lymphocytes, a positive reaction demonstrable only in the T micron cells. Other reactions reviewed were PAS, beta-glucoronidase, hexosaminidase and alkaline phosphatase.
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PMID:Cytochemistry of normal and leukaemic lymphocytes: a review. 39 44

A study of liver abnormalities in 36 patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia in the absence of underlying infectious, connective tissue, or lymphoproliferative disorders revealed clinical or biochemical evidence of liver dysfunction in 84%. Hepatomegaly was detected in 77%, splenomegaly in 54%, and abnormalities in bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, or serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase in 77%. Only four of the patients had overt liver disease. Of 15 biopsies from 12 patients, there was normal tissue structure in two, minimal nonspecific changes in one, portal fibrosis in three, chronic persistent hepatitis in one, chronic active hepatitis in two, chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis in four, and postnecrotic cirrhosis in two. These findings, together with the previously reported high incidence of serologic evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, support the view that the syndrome of purpura, arthritis, and nephritis is often a consequence of immune-complex vasculitis secondary to HBV infection.
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PMID:Liver involvement in the syndrome of mixed cryoglobulinemia. 90 Jun 72

Alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoricmonoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline pH optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] purified from a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Daudi) and Moloney-virus-induced murine leukemia (YAC) showed unique catalytic properties in substrate specificity and inhibition by cysteamine-S-phosphate. It migrated on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a single activity band. Alkaline phosphatase with similar properties was found in several human lymphoblastoid cell lines, in chronic lymphatic leukemic cells, in organs of leukemic mice, and in sera of patients with certain lymphoproliferative disorders.
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PMID:Comparative study of alkaline phosphatase activity in lymphocytes, mitogen-induced blasts, lymphoblastoid cell lines, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic lymphatic leukemia cells. 106 15

Defining cell lineage in the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) is challenging for the immunopathologist. Cell surface marker techniques have made a major contribution to the understanding of the biology and classification of lymphoproliferative disorders by permitting the determination of the lymphoid (B- or T-cell) or monocytic lineage of the tumors. Because lymphoma cells often simulate the morphologic features and cell surface phenotype of their normal lymphocytic counterparts, it is difficult to discriminate normal from neoplastic lymphocytes. The authors have used representative monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to cell surface antigens to assess tumor cell surface antigens associated with various lymphoreticular cell lineages. Heteroantisera to the human malignancy-associated nucleolar antigen (HMNA) was utilized as a marker for neoplastic lymphoid cells as previously described. The use of double immunoenzymatic staining with both peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase allow us simultaneously to determine lymphoid lineage and malignancy on human lymphoma cells. In 101 cases of various cell types of NHL, the anti-HMNA antiserum reacted with nucleoli in the morphologically neoplastic lymphoma cells, but not with normal-appearing lymphoid and other cell types present in the lesions. Control specimens from normal and hyperplastic lymphoid tissue also failed to react with anti-HMNA antibodies.
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PMID:Double immunoenzymatic labeling of lymphomatous tissues for both immunologic phenotype and a malignancy-associated nucleolar antigen. 242 82

Immunohistochemical and histochemical methods are increasingly used and their application in surgical pathology is obvious. Especially we used these methods on bone marrow core biopsies. Optimal and comparable results have been obtained by using different methods after halving the biopsy cores longitudinally and/or transversally. The two halves were used for cytologic imprints. Two parts of the biopsy cores were embedded in polymethacrylate at low temperature (-20 degrees C). The methacrylate-embedded biopsy part for routine histology was fixed in Schaffer's solution (methanol-formalin-fixative). The methacrylate-embedded undecalcified section of 4 microns may be stained by most stains commonly employed in routine histopathology after removal of the plastic. The sections are virtually free of artefacts such as shrinkage and swelling in the light microscope. The second methacrylate-embedded part of biopsy cores was fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde with 5% sucrose in 0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and dehydrated in ethyleneglycolmonobutylether. All procedures were carried out at 4 degrees C. This method permits the use of immunohistochemical and histochemical procedures. The immunohistochemistry was carried out at sections of 4 microns after removal of the plastic with methoxide and use of proteolytic enzyme (0.1% alpha-chymotrypsin) to unmask antigens in sections. Surface and intracellular immunoglobulins were very well detected with the indirect FITC method. The histochemical procedures are carried out at sections of 7-8 microns after removal of plastic with xylene and toluol. The sections were incubated for specific esterase and nonspecific esterases, acid and alkaline phosphatase and then examined by light microscopy. A third part of biopsy cores may be immediately frozen, and cryostat sections are stained and evaluated for rapid diagnosis and used for immunohistologic analysis with mono- and polyclonal antibodies (FITC method) and/or histochemical investigations. Imprints of biopsy cores are evaluated for cytological, cytochemical and/or immunocytological analysis with mono- and polyclonal antibodies (FITC method). The cryostat sections and the imprints are fixed for all methods with 2% paraformaldehyde and 5% sucrose in PBS (0.02 M, pH 7.4) at 4 degrees C for 30 minutes. The best diagnostic results were obtained in the myelo- and lymphoproliferative disorders using the combination of methods described here. Examples were demonstrated.
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PMID:[Immuno- and enzymehistochemical studies of methacrylate-embedded biopsy material, especially iliac crest biopsies]. 313 12

The expression of the transferrin receptor (TfR) was studied in the acute leukaemias and lymphoproliferative disorders by means of indirect immunofluorescence and/or the enhanced alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) techniques using monoclonal antibodies to the receptor. A total of 174 cases of acute leukaemia and lymphoproliferative disorder were studied. The results indicate that the receptor is expressed with increased density in the majority of positive cases of acute leukaemia. The lymphoproliferative disorders, however, only expressed the receptor in a minority of cases and did so with weak density. It is proposed that this weak expression in the lymphoproliferative disorders may be of use as an indicator of an increase in cell activity.
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PMID:Transferrin receptor expression in the leukaemias and lymphoproliferative disorders. 344 72

Cell smears from serous effusions containing large numbers of lymphoid cells were stained by the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase technique with a panel of monoclonal antibodies, including anti-B and anti-T cell antibodies and anti-HLA-DR. Samples from 17 patients with lymphoproliferative disorders--such as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma--and from 19 patients who had no evidence of lymphoid neoplasia--for example, cases of carcinoma, cardiac failure--were investigated. The majority of lymphoid cells in reactive effusions were T cells, which lacked HLA-DR and showed a marked excess of helper/inducer cells (mean helper to suppressor ratio of 3 X 5). In contrast, lymphoid cells in samples from nine cases of B cell neoplasia were positive for B cell antigen and HLA-DR. In a further four B cell neoplasms most lymphoid cells were reactive T cells. Two cases of T cell lymphoid leukaemia could also be characterised by immunocytochemical staining, both being classified as T helper cell neoplasms. Labelling was performed on routinely prepared, air dried cell smears, which could be stored in the unfixed state for long periods before staining. The technique may therefore be of use in many clinical cytology laboratories for the diagnosis of effusions containing numerous lymphoid cells.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical staining of T and B lymphocytes in serous effusions. 389 89

In earlier experiments we had noted that transformed and leukemic leukocytes produced an RNA-rich angiogenic lymphokine. The formation of capillaries is a stepwise process in which reticulum cells first become detached and attracted to a site (mobilization and migration along a reticulin network). This is followed by local proliferation and finally by elongation and alignment against a basal membrane in tubular geometry. Coincidental with the last step is a biochemical and immunochemical differentiation of the endothelial cells manifested by the appearance of alkaline phosphatase, angiotensin-converting enzyme, factor VIII and the generation of receptors for thrombin as well as the capacities to produce prostacyclin and fibronectin on demand. It is postulated that there may be not one but several angiogenic lymphokines (angiokines) for each step of capillary development. Angiokine 1 (AK1) for the mobilization-chemotactic-migration, AK2 for the local proliferative, and AK3 for differentiating-morphogenic events. The above postulate aids in the classification and understanding of a number of angiolymphoproliferative syndromes since these reflect different disorders of the stepwise vessel formation. The association and the simultaneous proliferation of vascular and lymphoid elements is a feature that a number of lymphoproliferative disorders, of otherwise differing nature, have in common. To this effect they have been grouped in this study as angiolymphoproliferative syndromes (ALPS). These are a group of prelymphomatous or prelymphomogenic clinicopathologic entities in which proliferation of a lymphoid element (cell) is coupled with the accelerated development of blood capillaries and postcapillary venules.
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PMID:Angiokines, angiogenesis and angiolymphoproliferative syndromes (ALPS). 618 89

2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA) is a purine nucleoside analogue with therapeutic activity in low-grade lymphoproliferative disorders. In addition, 2-CdA has a potent myelosuppressive effect, and it has been shown to be toxic to malignant myeloid cells both in vitro and in vivo. In this pilot study we treated nine patients who had advanced myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) and progressive hepatomegaly or symptomatic thrombocytosis after therapeutic splenectomy. 2-CdA was administered at 0.05-0.1 mg/kg/d for 7 d for one to five treatment cycles. A reduction in liver size associated with marked improvement in fatigue and control of thrombocytosis and leucocytosis was achieved in seven of the nine patients (78% response rate). In four of the seven responding patients the reduction in liver size was durable (4-28 months) and was associated with a decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase levels. However, no patient had improvement in anaemia, and two of the seven initially responding patients have since died of acute leukaemia or progressive disease. Improvement in bone marrow fibrosis was noted in two of five available post-treatment marrow examinations. Toxicity was mainly myelosuppression, which was severe in two patients. 2-CdA may be considered a palliative therapeutic agent after splenectomy in noncytopenic patients with MMM who have progressive hepatomegaly or extreme thrombocytosis.
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PMID:2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine treatment after splenectomy in patients who have myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. 969 87


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