Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A profile of biochemical tests was performed on 72 patients attending a lymphoma clinic. Urinary hydroxyproline excretion was increased in 24 cases at the outset; of these ten had positive clinical or radiological evidence of bone disease at that time, and in a further ten such evidence became available over the next two years. Hepatic involvement was detected among 9 patients at the initial examination. All of these, and a further five who developed liver involvement over the next two-year period had raised activity of serum 5'-nucleotidase. Total serum alkaline phosphatase was raised in 8 of the 9 patients with initial involvement, but only 1 of the 11 patients who subsequently developed hepatic disease; the heat stability test indicated the presence of the hepatic isoenzyme in these cases. Alkaline phosphatase was raised in 10 of the 20 cases with initial or subsequent evidence of bone disease, heat stability indicating the bone isoenzyme to be predominant. Serum ornithine transcarbamoylase was raised in only 7 patients with initial hepatic involvement, and the aminotransferases were not helpful in identifying lymphomatous involvement of the liver.
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PMID:Assessment of biochemical tests for bone and liver involvement in malignant lymphoma patients. 624 83

Neocarzinostatin (NCS) induces repair in a xeroderma pigmentosum lymphoblastoid line deficient in the ability to repair DNA damage induced with (acetoxyacetyl-amino)fluorene. Repair was demonstrated by the induction of repair synthesis and by the disappearance of NCS-induced single-strand breaks and/or alkaline-labile sites in DNA. Estimation of NCS-induced repair patch size, based on the density shift induced in DNA by extensive shear after incubation of treated cells in medium with bromodeoxyuridine or by calculation from the extent of restoration of DNA sedimentation profiles in alkaline sucrose gradients and the amount of repair synthesis measured by the BND cellulose method, indicated that only a few nucleotides were inserted per repaired region. NCS-treated bacteriophage T7 DNA requires incubation with alkaline phosphatase to make it a substrate for DNA polymerase I. NCS-reacted T7 DNA, even after phosphatase treatment, is not a substrate for a DNA polymerase alpha obtained from human lymphoma cells. NCS-treated T7 DNA did serve as a substrate for the DNA polymerase alpha when incubated with an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease with associated 5'-3'-exonuclease activity. The results suggest that NCS-induced AP sites could be intermediates for the in vivo repair synthesis.
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PMID:Repair of neocarzinostatin-induced deoxyribonucleic acid damage in human lymphoblastoid cells: possible involvement of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites as intermediates. 625 59

In order to determine the substrate specificity of the alkaline phosphatase (APase) which appears in murine lymphomas, two substrates were chosen. p-Nitrophenyl phosphatase (pNPP), the standard substrate, has an oxygen-phosphorus (O-P) bond. Cysteamine-S-phosphate (CASP) has a sulfur-phosphorus (S-P) bond. It has been reported that murine lymphoma APase does not cleave the S-P bond of CASP. These results were not confirmed. Under all conditions tested, the murine lymphoma APase showed consistent hydrolysis of CASP at approximately one-third the rate of hydrolysis of pNPP. Biochemical characteristics used to confirm this include pH optimum, heat inactivation, kinetics, magnesium activation, L-homoarginine inhibition, EDTA inhibition, and activity remaining during stages of partial purification. It is concluded that the murine lymphoma APase shows a preference of pNPP as a substrate but does hydrolyse CASP at a lower rate. The conflict between our laboratory and that of Neumann's may be one of interpretation rather than data. Neumann shows similar data to ours in terms of the 3-fold ratio, but considers all hydrolysis of CASP as representative of 'normal' APase. She uses a formula to calculate the amount of lymphoma APase based on the ratio 1.9 which is the ratio of hydrolysis of pNPP to that of CASP in kidney tissue. Our interpretation would be that the same isozyme is hydrolyzing the S-P bond at one-third the rate that it hydrolyzes the O-P bond.
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PMID:A reinterpretation of phosphatase-N. 629 72

Alkaline phosphatase was studied in cell lines established from Radiation Leukemia Virus induced thymic lymphomas of C57BL/Ka mice. The cytochemical staining techniques and flow cytofluorimetry analysis described by Dolbeare et al. (J. Histochem. Cytochem., 1980, 28, 419-426) were used. The alkaline phosphatase found in lymphoma cells was heat labile and L-homoarginine. L-phenylalanine and p-bromotetramisole sensitive and is probably similar to the isoenzyme present in mouse placenta, kidney and liver. Very little alkaline phosphatase activity was detected in normal thymus of adult mice, suggesting that the method used in the paper could be helpful for studying the emergence of the first neoplastic cells during the leukemogenic process.
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PMID:[Cytochemical detection and cytofluorimetric analysis of alkaline phosphatase in continuous lines of thymic lymphomas induced in mice by a radiation leukemia virus]. 629 66

The clinical, pathologic, and immunologic aspects of malignant lymphoma of centrocytic type (ML,cc) were studied at diagnosis and often at relapse in 18 patients. The typical patient was a middle-aged or older man with adenopathy, often massive splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, marrow involvement, and, not infrequently, peripheral blood involvement. Histopathologically, ML,cc had a diffuse or vaguely nodular growth pattern with, predominantly, cells resembling centrocytes (cleaved follicular center cells) sometimes with admixed small round lymphocytes but with virtually no transformed cells. In 2 cases the neoplastic cells formed a mantle zone around reactive-appearing follicles. Cell suspensions and frozen sections revealed the monoclonal B-cell nature of all but 1 nonmarking case, and the polyclonality of the follicles in the 1 mantle zone case tested. The B cells had some, but not all, characteristics of both normal mantle and follicular center cells when eight nodes were studied with the use of a panel of monoclonal antibodies, peanut lectin, and endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity. Of 13 patients who underwent repeat biopsies, 1 developed a high grade unclassifiable B-cell lymphoma, and 6 had less marked changes. None of 7 patients tested had a change in light chain class. In conclusion, ML,cc is a distinct entity separable from other B-cell lymphomas in which either centrocytes or small round lymphocytes predominate.
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PMID:Centrocytic lymphoma: a distinct clinicopathologic and immunologic entity. A multiparameter study of 18 cases at diagnosis and relapse. 641 75

The value of new morphologic methods in the diagnosis of bone tumors is demonstrated in a number of cases. In round cell malignancies (Ewing's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma, neuroblastoma, and anaplastic plasmacytoma) diagnostic accuracy can be improved by electron microscopic and immunohistochemical techniques. New methods are also of value in differentiating the metastatic carcinoma from malignant bone primaries. Electron microscopy may show epithelial cell features (ie, gland structures, desmosomes, and tonofilaments), while immunohistologic investigation of the cytoskeleton may facilitate differentiation of epithelial cells (positive for prekeratin) from mesenchymal cells (positive for vimentin). In the differential diagnosis of typical bone tumors, however, such as osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma, the value of enzyme histochemical, electron microscopic, and immunohistochemical methods appears somewhat restricted: alkaline phosphatase activity may be increased in both chondrosarcoma and osteosarcoma; collagen type II, the cartilage-specific collagen, is found not only in chondrosarcoma but in osteosarcoma as well. Moreover, osteosarcomas may contain a considerable number of macrophages and histiocytes, and so this feature is worthless in distinguishing osteosarcoma from malignant fibrous histiocytoma. A new approach for appraising the malignancy of bone tumors may be through flow cytometric investigation of nuclear DNA content. Osteosarcomas reveal DNA aneuploidies in more than 80% of cases, with a large proportion of cells in the S phase. These features may prove valuable for discerning osteosarcoma from myositis ossificans. In contrast to typical giant cell tumor of bone, a rare case of malignant giant cell tumor showed aneuploid cell lines indicating the malignant nature of the tumor.
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PMID:New cytomorphologic methods in the diagnosis of bone tumors: possibilities and limitations. 660 Jan 11

205 patients with solid cancer, underwent bone marrow biopsy using a Jamshidi needle, regular type. 32 (16%) biopsies were positive for bone marrow metastases. Results were correlated with those of skeletal radioisotope scans, X-ray films and the complaint of bone pain, alone or combined. 27 of 131 (17.5%) patients with positive X-ray film and 31 of 110 patients (28.1%) who complained of bone pain had a positive bone marrow biopsy. 17 of 46 (36.9%) patients with 3 positive parameters had a positive bone marrow biopsy as compared with none of 18 patients whose these 3 parameters were negative. Average values of Hb, WBC, serum alkaline phosphatase and calcium did not differ between patients with positive or negative bone marrow biopsy. 86 patients were diagnosed to have bone metastases and 35 more patients were diagnosed within a year following the biopsy. Of these 121 patients, 46 of 46 with positive scan, X-ray and pain were diagnosed to have bone metastases as compared to 27 of 30 patients with a positive scan with pain but negative X-ray film. Only 1 of 18 patients with negative parameters was diagnosed as having bone metastases within a year from biopsy. In our experience, it is of no value (unlike in malignant lymphoma and oat cell carcinoma of lung) to obtain a bone marrow biopsy for the detection of bone marrow micrometastases in asymptomatic cancer patients with negative skeletal radioisotope scan and negative bone X-ray films.
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PMID:Bone marrow biopsy in solid cancer. 681 51

Normal thymocyte and bone marrow terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) have distinguishing characteristics by phosphocellulose chromatography in Tris buffer: marrow TdT elutes as a single peak at 0.3 M salt, whereas thymocyte TdT separates into two forms, one at 0.3 M salt and one at 0.4 M salt. Since the majority of TdT-positive acute leukemias are anatomically bone marrow-derived, one would have predicted the presence of a bone marrow TdT-phosphocellulose chromatographic pattern in such patients. However, in 376 consecutive, untreated TdT-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) studied by us we have invariably encountered the two-peak thymocyte-type phosphocellulose pattern. The TdT patterns in the thymic-dependent, TdT-positive lymphoma of AKR mice, and the TdT-positive bone marrow-derived, thymic-independent Abelson virus leukemia of Balb/C mice duplicate the situation in human ALL: a thymocyte pattern is seen in both the marrow-derived and thymus-derived diseases. This chromatographic difference between leukemia-associated and normal marrow-associated TdT in both murine and human leukemia suggested that phosphocellulose-TdT patterns might be useful for monitoring residual marrow tumour cell burden in TdT-positive leukemia. This has not turned out to be the case: in eight patients studied in early relapse the blast cell TdT pattern was the single-peak 0.3 M species. Therefore, leukemic cell TdT cannot reliably be distinguished from normal marrow cell TdT. The chromatographic behaviour of TdT may be regulated by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation, the 0.3 M salt peak can be converted to the 0.4 M salt species by treatment with protein kinase and ATP, and the 0.4 M species can be converted to the 0.3 M form by exposure to alkaline phosphatase. Thus, apparently anatomic compartment-specific forms of TdT may only reflect differing cellular metabolic activity.
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PMID:Chromatographic forms of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in normal lymphoid cells and in leukemia cells at presentation and relapse. 698 13

In this study the problems encountered in staining immunoglobulin (Ig) in sections of paraffin-embedded human lymphoma samples have been investigated. It was found that the "masking' of cytoplasmic Ig, which occurs when tissues are fixed in formol saline (the fixative employed in most previous studies), can be avoided by the use of mercury-based fixatives. When non-Hodgkin's lymphoma samples fixed in this way were studied it was found that cytoplasmic Ig labelling of both lymphoid and histiocytic cells is often attributable to non-specific uptake of serum proteins. This phenomenon probably accounts for a number of published anomalous immunoperoxidase staining results in human lymphoma (e.g. the presence of both kappa and lambda chains in the same neoplastic cell). Double immunoenzymatic labelling (using alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase) proved valuable in the elucidation of this phenomenon. When staining due to absorbed Ig was discounted it was possible to demonstrate monoclonal Ig labelling in seven out of sixteen cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In each case IgM was found in association with a single light chain type and these results were in agreement with those obtained by direct immunofluorescent labelling of cryostat sections. In a further case u chains without associated light chains were demonstrated by immunoperoxidase staining. Seven cases of Hodgkin's disease were studied by immunoenzymatic techniques. Although IgG was frequently found in Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin's cells its presence was not attributable to non-specific uptake of serum protein since albumin was absent or only present in small amounts. These findings are in support of the macrophage origin of these cells.
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PMID:An immunohistological study of human lymphoma. 700 85

Peripheral blood smears and bone-marrow smears from 29 patients with malignant M-components (25 with multiple myeloma and 4 with malignant lymphoma), 13 patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy (BMG), and 20 patients with polyclonal reactive plasmacytosis were examined by leucocyte alkaline phosphatase score (LAP-score) and by acid phosphatase score in plasma cells from bone-marrow smears. Furthermore, tissue sections from marrow biopsies from all patients were examined by the three-layer unlabelled immunoperoxidase technique to detect cytoplasmic immunoglobulin. The LAP-score was significantly higher in patients with malignant M-components than in patients with BMG and also higher in IgA and IgG myeloma than in IgA and IgG BMG, but the latter difference was not significant. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation between paraprotein concentration and LAP-score was found in multiple myeloma. Acid phosphatase score in plasma cells showed no clear distinction between multiple myeloma and BMG. Immunohistochemical examination showed a distinct monoclonal pattern in both multiple myeloma and BMG, allowing identification of the M-component which in all cases corresponded to the M-component detected by serum examination. Cells producing immunoglobulin classes not matching the M-component were more rare in multiple myeloma than in BMG, but the difference between the two conditions was quantitative and allowed no clear distinction.
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PMID:Enzymecytochemistry and immunohistochemistry in monoclonal gammopathy and reactive plasmacytosis. 701 Sep 16


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