Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Continuous monitoring of heat denaturation of a mixture of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes at 60 degrees C and pH 7.5 permits the simultaneous direct identification and quantitation of three isoenzymes: the placental isoenzyme, the L-phenylalanine-sensitive intestinal isoenzyme, and the liver isoenzyme (hepatocytic). The isoenzyme that is principally of bone origin cannot be identified as such without the help of other diagnostic aids and the patient's medical history. All human tissues contain alkaline phosphatase, many organs more than one of the isoenzymes. Liver alkaline phosphatase, which constitutes 40-50% of normal serum alkaline phosphatase activity, was measured in the serum of persons with various liver diseases. Its activity exceeded normal in all types of liver disease; in 80% of cases this increase was accompanied by increased gamma-glutamyl-transferase activity, but the quantitative correlationship (r = 0.54) was not as good as expected if both enzymes come from the same source and are indices of liver dieases. Liver alkaline phosphatase activity increases in the blood early in liver disease, before most liver tests show abnormalities. The other major isoenzyme of normal serum probably represents a mixture of isoenzymes from bone and reticulo-endothelial and vascular tissues, which all contain the same "very heat-labile" alkaline phosphatase. Cord blood and children's sera contain mostly this very heat-labile isoenzyme.
 ...
PMID:Quantitative fractionation of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes according to their thermostability. 0 Nov 58

90 chronic alcoholics (55 men and 35 women, aged between 20 and 60 years) were investigated to determine how alcohol withdrawal effects the pattern of enzymes in plasma and if changes in this enzyme pattern could be used as criteria for evaluation of the recovery process. Among the different enzymes tested, gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGTP) and the transamines seemed the most suitable parameters. At the beginning of the alcohol withdrawal course, 79 out of 90 patients (80%) showed elevated values of one of these enzymes in plasma. GOT was elevated in 31 (34%), GPT in 24 (23%) and GGTP in 79 (88%) of the cases. In 49 patients (54%) GGTP was the only enzyme found to be elevated. The values of GGTP were on the average higher than those of GOT and GPT. GGTP has thereforeto be regarded as the most sensitive enzyme since it was elevated in most of the patients. GGTP reacted with 6.8 times more sensitivity than GOT and 6.3 times that of GPT. After withdrawal of alcohol the three enzymes showed a decline in all 79 patients. The transaminases normalized faster than GGTP. GTP fell into the upper normal limit after only 30 days. Among the 90 alcoholics examined, 14 relapsed during the alcohol withdrawal course. After the new excess of alcohol intake, the GGTP in plasma rose immediately. Alcohol abuse was suspected in 50% of the patients due to the increase in this enzyme and was subsequently confirmed by the patients. Acute alcohol loading in normal volunteers did not lead to an increase in GGTP activity. A comparison of the histology of liver biopsy material showed that neither the transaminases nor the alkaline phosphatase and GGTP served to differentiate the various forms of alcoholic liver damage. However, GGTP represents the most sensitive enzymatic parameter for the detection of alcoholic liver disease. This enzyme is useful in evaluating the success of a course of alcohol deprivation. The decreasing values during such treatment, as well as the prompt increase after a relapse, points to the high sensitivity of this enzyme. A further argument is that in 54% of the patients elevation of GGTP only was present. Since no liver damage could be demonstrated in these patients with the aid of the other liver enzymes, the elevation of GGTP may be related to the alcohol intake through an enzyme induction mechanism such as has been demonstrated for this enzyme with certain drugs.
 ...
PMID:[The behavior of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and other liver enzymes in the plasma during alcohol withdrawal treatments]. 1 56

Two patients with liver disease due to polyarteritis nodosa are described. They presented in a similar manner, with a swinging fever, a polymorphonuclear leucocytosis and high alkaline phosphatase levels, but the natural history of the illness was different, with revocery in one and death in the other.
 ...
PMID:Polyarteritis nodosa of the liver: a report of two cases. 1 54

Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) level was estimated in 132 patients with different liver diseases (chronic persistent and chronic active hepatitis, postnecrotic cirrhosis, chronic alcholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis, cholestasis syndrome, fatty liver, Gilbert disease) and malignancies with and without liver involvement. The gamma-GT levels were compared with the values for serum bilirubin, transaminases (GOT, GPT) and alkaline phosphatase in the same patients. gamma-GT values were normal in chronic persistent hepatitis and increased in chronic active hepatitis. Very high activities were measured in chronic alcoholic cirrhosis in contrast to postnecrotic cirrhosis. gamma-GT proved to be more sensitive than alkaline phosphate as an index of cholestasis and liver involvement in malignancies. It is suggested that gamma-GT activity offers valuable aid in differential diagnostics of liver-diseases. gamma-GT being an inducible enzyme, its activity may be raised by enzyme inducing drugs also in subjects without liver disease.
 ...
PMID:Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase: its clinical significance. 2 44

The clinical import of the serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) level was evaluted in 162 prospectively studied patients. GGTP is helpful in determining the origin of alkaline phosphatase (AP); it clearly separates increased AP of bone and placental origin from that of liver origin. The GGTP level closely parallels the AP level in most instances, but it may be more sensitive in detecting liver disease in anicteric patients. The finding of significantly increased GGTP in patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis as compared to normal levels found in chronic persistent hepatitis may provide a prognostic clue in cases of unresolved hepatitis. The apparent specificity and sensitivity of the GGTP test, combined with ease of performance and low expense, make it a valuable addition to the evaluation of a patient with hepatic disease.
 ...
PMID:Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase: its specificity and clinical value. 3 71

gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity in canine kidney, pancreas, and liver is similar to previously reported values for other species. The low serum GGT activity in dogs (0 to 10 IU/L) may be related to relatively less liver GGT than in some other domestic animals. While determination of serum GGT in dogs may aid in the differentiation of sources of alkaline phosphatase, GGT alone appears to offer little in the diagnosis of canine liver disease. Clinical studies, as well as experimentally induced bile duct obstruction, have shown canine GGT increases to coincide with increases in alkaline phosphatase. The occasional benefit from knowledge of serum GGT in dogs would not seem to merit determination of GGT activity in routine serum chemistry panels for this species.
 ...
PMID:Diagnostic use of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase in canine liver disease. 4 9

A prospective study of 181 patients suspected of having liver disease was carried out to determine the relative efficiencies of serum bilirubin (total and direct), alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) with respect to diagnosis. Liver biopsies, liver scans, abdominal ultrasound, and clinical parameters were also tabulated and used independently to evaluate the patient's hepatic status and to determine the final diagnoses in each case. From the results of these tests for the 60 patients who were diagnosed as having liver disease, and the 87 patients who were felt to be free of liver disease, predictive values of the above tests were established. Data from this study suggests that while direct bilirubin is the most specific test, GGT is the most sensitive and has the fewest false negatives in the diagnosis of liver disease.
 ...
PMID:Predictive values of various liver function tests with respect to the diagnosis of liver disease. 4 85

The clinical features of 57 autopsied cases of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma including 28 cases of the peripheral type (cholangiocarcinoma in the narrow sense) and 29 cases of the hilar type are described in comparison with those of hepatocellular carcinoma, with a review of the literature on the clinicopathological aspects of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. As compared with hepatocellular carcinoma, the average age of the patients was older; the male predominance was not obvious, chronic parenchymal liver disease was infrequent in the past history, association of primary cirrhosis was seldom, cholestatic features were frequently the early signs and more pronounced during the course, the liver was enlarged to a lesser extent, ascites was less common, signs of portal hypertension were absent or minimal, and extrahepatic metastases were less frequent. In many respects, the hilar type resembled extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma, and the peripheral type was somewhat between it and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the overall survival was not much different from that for hepatocellular carcinoma, early diagnosis is emphasized; this would make surgical management possible. Differential diagnosis from hepatocellular carcinoma may be possible in the majority with direct cholangiography, liver scan, celiac angiography, determination of alpha-fetoprotein and hepatitis B antigen, and blood chemistry such as SGOT, SLDH, serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. Illustrative cases are given including one patient with a hilar carcinoma who survived for more than 2 years after transhepatic biliary drainage.
 ...
PMID:Clinical aspects of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma including hilar carcinoma: a study of 57 autopsy-proven cases. 6 93

During a 23 year period at Memorial Hospital, the diagnosis of liver cell carcinoma was made in 42 patients who were 11 to 40 years old. Ninety per cent were Caucasian, mostly born in the United states. No occupational hazard was detected. Serum hepatitis antigen was demonstrated in only one patient. Alpha fetoprotein was found in the serum of 55 per cent of nine patients tested. Eight-three per cent were Rh positive, 43 per cent were ABO groups, A or O, respectively. Twenty-three per cent of 13 patients with sufficient material for study had an associated cirrhosis. Of these, active hepatitis with cirrhosis was present in one patient; postnecrotic cirrhosis was present in another. Approximately 7 per cent had a history of previous liver disease. One patient had infectious mononucleosis, and nearly 13 per cent gave a family history of cancer. Weight loss or pain in the right upper abdominal quadrant was present in 65 per cent, and hepatomegaly was found in 88 per cent. Only one patient presented with hemoperitoneum simulating an acute condition within abdomen. The liver profile examinations characteristically revealed an elevation in serum alkaline phosphatase, 5 nucleotidase, and Bromsulphalein retention with normal bilirubin level. The most common finding, upon roentgenographic examination, was an elevated right hemidiaphragm. Selective celiac and superior mesenteric angiography and 99mTc sulfur colloid liver scans were both done in 13 patients. There was a 75 per cent accuracy rate in localization of the tumor. At laparotomy, the tumor was found to be confined to one lobe in seven patients and involved both lobes in ten. Twenty-seven patients were thought to have multicentric tumors and 15 unicentric lesions. Only ten were found to be candidates for hepatic lobectomy. Five and ten years survival rates were 20 per cent; the operative mortality rate was 40 per cent. Twenty per cent died within a year, ten per cent, one patient, is alive with disease at 28 months and another is free of disease at 31-months. Paraneoplastic syndromes were erythrocytosis in two patients, terminal stage of hypoglycemia in one patient, and hypocholesterolemia with associated excess beta globulin in one patient.
 ...
PMID:Liver cell carcinoma during the prime of life. 17 34

The presence of lipoprotein X (LPX) was assessed in the serum of 61 jaundiced patients and of 41 patients without liver disease. The results are compatible with the reports of other authors that the presence of LPX is a more sensitive indicator of cholestasis than the serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) level. However, the latter was more useful in excluding the presence of extrahepatic obstruction.
 ...
PMID:Diagnostic value of serum lipoprotein X in jaundice. 18 71


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>