Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A transplantable myelogenous leukemia of an inbred Wistar/Furth rat has been established in tissue culture and cloned. The resulting transplantable leukemia line demonstrates in vitro doubling time of 20 hr, colony-forming efficiency of 5% in liquid and methylcellulos-containing medium, and a saturation density of 3.0 x 106 cells/sq cm in liquid medium. Following intraperitoneal inoculation, newborn rats developed solid tumors, ascities, and leukemia with ld50 of5 x 103 cells and mean latency of 60 days. The tumor cell morphology was consistent with that of acute myelogenous leukemia. Histochemical staining for myeloid enzymes revealed no evidence of myeloperoxidase, esterase, or leukocyte alkaline phosphatase; however, fluorescent antibody staining for lysozyme was markedly positive. Serum, urine, and ascitic fluid from rats with transplanted leukemia also contained elevated levels of lysozyme. There was no detectable type-CRNA virus production by this cell line after as long as 100 days in vitro. This inbred rat myelogenous leukemia should provide a useful model for studies of chemotherapy and immunoltherapy of human acute myelogenous leukemia.
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PMID:Acute myelogenous leukemia of the Wistar/Furth rat: establishment of a continuous tissue culture line producing lysozyme in vitro and in vivo. 4 87

Rat chloroma cells have been propagated in permanent suspension cultures and are grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with 10% fetal calf serum and 2.5% horse serum. Several lines have been established; the one of longest duration, Mia C51, has been maintained for over 18 months and has undergone over 100 transfers. Mia C51 cells have a doubling time of 12 hr and maintain many of the properties of the parent tumor, including the characteristic greenish color with high myeloperoxidase activity, an an aneuploid chromosomal pattern, and intact tumorigenicity. They will uniformly produce greenish chloroma tumors when injected into newborn rats. Electron microscopic examination of chloroma tumors and the cultured cells derived from them reveal the presence of extracellular mature and immature type C virus particles morphologically typical of oncornaviruses. Chloroma cells obtained from tumors that lost their alkaline phosphatase activity after repeated transfer regain full activity in culture. Studies using the antigen-antibody crossed electrophoresis indicate that the loss of alkaline phosphatase activity represents a true decrease in alkaline phosphatase protein, which is restored under culture conditions. The availability of a permanent chloroma cell line in culture that maintains the biological properties of the parent tumor provides a useful model for the study of myeloid leukemia.
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PMID:Characteristics of rat carcinoma in culture. 16 71

The morphology, cytochemistry, metabolism, and bactericidal function of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from a patient with subacute myelogenous leukemia were evaluated. The patient's mature PMN were deficient in granules and staining reactivity for myeloperoxidase (MPO) and alkaline phosphatase (LAP). These cells killed Staphylococcus aureus in an abnormal pattern when they were challenged with various increasing multiples of bacteria per neutrophil. At a low ratio of challenge (1.25 bacteria per neutrophil) the MPO-LAP-deficient PMN killed only 18 +/- 6 per cent (mean +/- 1 S.D.) (normal, 79 +/- 7) of the initial bacterial inoculum. As the PMN were challenged with higher ratios of bacteria per cell, the bactericidal effectiveness of the hypogranular PMN improved. At a 50:1 ratio the patient's cells killed within the normal range (28 +/- 10 per cent vs. normal of 48 +/- [mean +/- 1 S.D.]). Although rates of glucose oxidation and oxygen consumption by patient or control PMN stimulated with comparable ratios of heat-killed bacteria were the same, only minimal metabolic enhancement was produced in the MPO-LAP-deficient PMN by lower ratios. In contrast, higher ratios produced a marked increase in both of these metabolic activities indicating a major metabolic response to multiple ingestions by the patient's PMN. These observations may reflect the activation of compensatory microbicidal mechanisms available to the MPO-LAP-deficient PMN only when challenged by large multiples of bacteria.
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PMID:Abnormal pattern of bactericidal activity of neutrophils deficient in granules, myeloperoxidase, and alkaline phosphatase. 18 7

The occurrence of a granulocytic leukemia in 1 of 40 female strain 13/N guinea pigs given N-nitroso-N-butylurea continuously in their drinking water for 21 weeks is reported here. This leukemia has been successfully transplanted in this guinea pig strain for 13 transplant generations by i.p. inoculation of leukemic blood or marrow cells. Macroscopically and microscopically, this leukemia resembles the chronic myelogenous form in humans. Histochemical studies showed, however, that unlike the human leukemic cells those in the leukemic guinea pigs are alkaline phosphatase positive. Electron microscopic studies of the guinea pig leukemic cells revealed the presence of numerous intracisternal A-type particles that are not found in corresponding normal leukocytes.
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PMID:Transplantable granulocytic leukemia in strain 13 guinea pigs. 27 Oct 42

Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in bone marrow and in cubital vein serum were compared. For patients without cancer, marrow serum LDH attained levels four times as high, and GOT and alkaline phosphatase, levels twice as high as those normal for cubital vein serum; levels of acid phosphatase were the same for both sources. For patients with cancer, significant increase of enzyme levels over reference levels depends on the tumor origin and on the presence and localization of metastases. Marrow enzyme levels may become elevated with or without concurrent elevation in cubital vein serum. Concurrent elevations were found with colonic carcinoma and lymphoid leukemia, and noncurrent elevations, with prostatic cancer, myeloid leukemia, and myeloma. A nonconcurrent elevation of marrow enzymes indicates that the origin of the enzyme is in the marrow, whereas with concurrent elevation, the source of the enzyme may be another organ.
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PMID:Enzymes in peripheral and bone marrow serum in patients with cancer. 98 36

Observations in six adult patients with leukaemic differential white counts, predominantly mature-celled, and with hepatosplenomegaly show that the mature-celled but fulminant (para-)neutrophil leukaemia must be differentiated from Ph1-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia. This (para-)neutrophil leukaemia is probably identical with the previously described atypical chronic myelosis of the adult, chronic myeloid leukaemia of childhood and the Pelger-like chronic myeloid leukaemia. Cardinal signs are a mature-celled differential count, short life expectancy (1 year), initial platelet deficiency, increased activity of granulocyte alkaline phosphatase, absence of Ph1-chromosome, and poor therapeutic response to busulfan. This curious and yet apparently not uncommon disease has been observed in the adult age group predominantly in men. The frequently high HbF level observed in juvenile chronic myeloid leukaemia could not be demonstrated in adults. Some of these neutrophil leukaemias are characterized by medullary fibrosis and terminal increase of immature blast cells (blast crises?) of which the diagnostic reliability is still disputed.
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PMID:[Differential diagnosis of atypical chronic myeloid leukaemia]. 106 23

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate are Ca(2+)-regulating second messenger molecules which are generated via the cleavage of inositol lipids. We have previously shown that these species are autonomously generated in HL60 myeloid leukemia cells and that they may play a role in signalling the continuous proliferation of this cell line. Here we show that the activity of the 5-phosphomonoesterase (5-PME) enzyme which cleaves and inactivates these second messengers was strikingly reduced in HL60 cells compared to normal granulocytes or macrophages. Induction of differentiation of HL60 cells along the monocyte/macrophage or granulocytic pathways did not result in a significant increase in 5-PME activity. The activity of this enzyme was also low in extracts of bone marrow mononuclear cells from four patients with myeloid leukemia. A lesion in the 5-PME pathway may therefore result in the conservation of Ca(2+)-regulating second messengers in the HL60 cell line and in some myeloid leukemia cells. It is plausible that this lesion may co-operate with the autonomous cleavage of inositol lipids in the signalling of leukemic cell proliferation.
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PMID:Impaired degradation of Ca(2+)-regulating second messengers in myeloid leukemia cells. Implications for the regulation of leukemia cell proliferation. 164 Jul 31

Fresh and/or frozen bone marrow cells from five healthy individuals and seven patients with myeloid leukemia were studied using growth factors and a cytogenetic technique which allows simultaneous analysis of karotype and cell lineage. Cell lineages were identified using monoclonal antibodies in an alkaline phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase staining method. In general, cultures stimulated with a colony stimulating factor containing conditioned medium (CSF) and erythropoietin (EPO) had a higher (approximately 2-fold) mitotic index (MI) than cultures without these growth factors (maximum 7.0 vs. 3.8 after 4-day culture). The significantly higher MI in cultures with growth factors was shown to result from an increase in both erythrocytic and granulocytic-monocytic mitoses. Every culture with CSF and EPO had more erythrocytic metaphases than the identical culture without these growth factors (mean erythrocytic MI 3.1 vs. 0.3, p = 0.01 in healthy subjects; 6.9 vs. 0, p = 0.05 in leukemia). In each of the three patients showing an increased MI where lineage-specific MI was studied, the granulocytic-monocytic MI increased (mean 4.0 vs. 2.1, p = 0.05). These data suggest that growth factors increase the number of metaphases available for cytogenetic analysis from fresh or frozen marrow, and may be used to stimulate metaphases from specific lineages.
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PMID:Human bone marrow cytogenetics: growth factors stimulate metaphases for specific lineages. 265 30

A 16-year-old boy with leukemia had a marked leucocytosis (165 x 10(9)/L) at presentation. The large number of neutrophils, myelocytes, and metamyelocytes and negative leucocyte alkaline phosphatase reaction raised the possibility of chronic myeloid leukemia. Cytogenetic analysis showed a deletion of chromosome 7, a t (8;21), a missing Y chromosome, and, in some cells, duplication of the der(21). The Philadelphia chromosome was not detected, nor was the breakpoint cluster region of chromosome 22 found to be rearranged. Myeloid leukemia with t (8;21) can therefore be associated with a greater degree of granulocytic hyperplasia than has so far been apparent, and cytogenetic analysis in this case has been crucial in distinguishing leukemia types.
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PMID:Translocation t (8;21) associated with marked granulocytic hyperplasia. 316 93

A reciprocal translocation involving the short arms of chromosomes 7 and 11, t(7;11)(p15;p15), was found in nine patients including eight with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and one with Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in blastic crisis. Although a similar chromosome rearrangement has previously been reported in five patients, including three with AML and two with CML, the 7p breakpoint in some of these cases was slightly different from that detected in our patients. Notable cytogenetic and clinicohematologic findings in our patients and those reported in the literature were as follows: (a) t(7;11) occurred in myeloid leukemia, predominantly AML with subtype M2, and occasionally in other AML subtypes and in CML with or without Ph1 chromosome; (b) t(7;11) frequently occurred as the sole chromosome abnormality; (c) most patients showed a low neutrophil alkaline phosphatase score; and (d) Auer rods were present in leukemic cells of most cases including Ph1-positive CML. Our findings suggest that a t(7;11)-associated leukemia constitutes a subgroup of myeloid malignancy involving maturing leukemic cells.
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PMID:Reciprocal translocation involving the short arms of chromosomes 7 and 11, t(7p-;11p+), associated with myeloid leukemia with maturation. 347 4


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