Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In eighty patients with obstructive jaundice treated with percutaneous or endoscopic drainage, the results of biochemical liver-function tests (serum bilirubin, transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and albumin) were analyzed to evaluate the return of liver function after biliary decompression. Before decompression all the patients had increased serum concentrations of all the liver-function indicators measured. Conjugated bilirubin normalized within 7 days in 67.5% of the patients and within 14 days in 94.5%. The other serum responses normalized as follows: glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (7 days in 45%, 14 days in 100%); glutamic pyruvic transaminase (7 days in 46.2%, 14 days in 100%); gamma-glutamyl transferase (7 days in 56.2%, 14 days in 89.1%); alkaline phosphatase (7 days in 52.5%, 14 days in 90.4%); and albumin (7 days in 100%, 14 days in 90.4%). The low mortality and morbidity rates in this series of patients with obstructive jaundice: 0% and 7% after endoscopic and 2.1% and 10.4% after percutaneous drainage suggest that biliary drainage has a valuable place in the preparation of jaundiced patients for surgery and in some cases provides a definitive intervention.
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PMID:The usefulness of biliary drainage for restoring liver function in obstructive jaundice. 760 33

There is a great body of evidence linking a high fat diet with the formation of gallstones. However, the effect of fat per se on obstructive liver damage (not involving gallstone formation) has not been assessed. The aim of this work was to study the effect of a high fat diet on liver damage induced by bile duct ligation in rats. Male 21-day-old Wistar rats were divided into two groups: group 1 received standard Purina chow diet 5001 containing 4.5% fat, group 2 received Purina chow diet 5001 enriched with 33% pork fat. Animals were allowed food and water ad libitum for 5 weeks. Obstructive jaundice was induced by double ligation and division of the common bile duct. The animals were sacrificed 1 week after biliary obstruction. Control animals were sham operated. Serum bilirubins and alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and glutamic pyruvic transminase enzyme activities increased by biliary obstruction. Glycogen content decreased in the bile duct-ligated rats. These effects were more important in the group fed a 33% fat diet. Our results show that a high animal fat diet increases liver damage in experimental biliary obstruction in rats. Owing to our experimental design (bile duct ligation), the effect of a high fat diet cannot be attributed to an increase in the formation of gallstones but a direct effect must be considered. The mechanism by which fat augmented liver damage can be associated with an increase of total bile content and its toxicity.
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PMID:High fat diet and liver damage induced by biliary obstruction in the rat. 778 57

Patients with obstructive jaundice are prone to septic complications after biliary tract operations. Restoring bile flow to the intestine may help to decrease the complication rate. The present study is aimed at evaluating the effect of biliary decompression on bacterial translocation in jaundiced rats. Sixty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to six groups subjected to common bile duct ligation (CBDL) and transection (groups 2-6) or sham operation (group 1). In groups 1 and 2 the incidence of enteric bacterial translocation was determined 2 weeks after sham operation or CBDL. In groups 3-6, biliary decompression was achieved by performing a choledochoduodenostomy after 2 weeks of biliary decompression. Bacterial translocation was then studied 1, 2, 3 and 5 weeks following biliary decompression. The rate of bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes in obstructive jaundice was significantly higher as compared with controls and decreased with time to nil three weeks following biliary decompression. The incidence of bacterial translocation was closely correlated (r = 0.844; p = 0.034) with serum alkaline phosphatase activity and seemed to fit with the morphological changes noted in the small intestine. The decrease in bacterial translocation, however, lags behind the recovery of liver function as measured by routine liver function tests and antipyrine clearance. Obstructive jaundice thus promotes bacterial translocation in the rat. Biliary decompression gradually decreases the rate of bacterial translocation.
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PMID:The effect of biliary decompression on bacterial translocation in jaundiced rats. 826 13

Surgery in patients with obstructive jaundice is associated with significant infectious complications probably due to impaired immune function and malnutrition. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) may alleviate malnutrition but may also promote bacterial translocation (BT) from the gut. To elucidate if TPN can prevent malnutrition without promotion of BT in obstructive jaundice, 40 dogs underwent laparotomy for tissue sampling and placement of a central venous line and were allocated into one of four groups: I (PO-control) received dog chow and water ad libitum; II (PO-CBDL) underwent ligation of common bile duct (CBDL) and was fed dog chow; III (TPN-control) received TPN; and IV (TPN-CBDL) underwent CBDL and received TPN. Body weight, blood samples for liver function tests and bacterial culture, and tissues from liver and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) for quantitative bacterial culture and for histology were obtained prior to and 2 weeks after the experiment. The incidence of BT to MLN was 40% in the PO-CBDL and TPN-CBDL animals, which was significantly different from the other two groups (0%; p < 0.05). The incidence of BT to liver was 70% (7/10) in the PO-CBDL animals, which was significantly higher than that in groups I, III, and IV (0%, 20%, 20%, respectively) (p < 0.05). The PO-CBDL animals showed a significant decrease in body weight and prealbumin compatible with malnutrition, whereas the TPN-CBDL animals showed a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase and a consistent cholestasis on histology. The data suggest that TPN can prevent jaundice-associated malnutrition and decrease BT to liver but should be administered cautiously because it may precipitate cholestasis.
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PMID:Role of parenteral nutrition in preventing malnutrition and decreasing bacterial translocation to liver in obstructive jaundice. 827 78

Hippurate-synthesizing ability was investigated in patients with jaundice with percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) in relation to hepatic metabolic capacity. In 16 patients with PTBD because of obstructive jaundice and 11 patients without hepatic disease, 1.77 grams of sodium benzoate was injected and the amount of hippurate synthesized and excreted in the urine collected at 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes was measured (hippurate test). In patients with jaundice and patients in the control group, an almost linear increase was observed in the level of urinary hippurate after benzoate loading. However, the values of the patients with jaundice at one and two hours after the benzoate loading were significantly lower than those of the patients in the control group. Serum levels of glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were significantly decreased during PTBD (p < 0.05). Bilirubin levels were closely correlated with hippurate test values (r = 0.567, p < 0.05). Values were also correlated with the period of PTBD before the hippurate test was performed (r = 0.632, p < 0.05). Recovery in hippurate synthesizing ability was observed when the total bilirubin levels decreased to less than 5 milligrams per deciliter or PTBD was maintained for more than three weeks. Because hippurate synthesis is dependent on adenosine triphosphate supply in the hepatic mitochondria, the value of the hippurate test reflects the metabolic viability of the liver in relation to energy metabolism. It is also suggested that the steady maintenance of PTBD for three weeks or more with a decrease in total bilirubin level less than 5 milligrams per deciliter is necessary for full recovery of the metabolic capacity of the jaundiced liver.
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PMID:An assessment of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage in the correction of the metabolic capacity of the jaundiced liver by hippurate-synthesizing test. 832 55

To evaluate the rationale of using antibiotics in acute pancreatitis and to determine whether the indication for their use depends upon the etiology of the pancreatitis, the records of 202 patients with acute pancreatitis were retrospectively reviewed. The incidence of abnormal body temperature, leukocytosis, bacteremia and the results of biochemistry tests in different etiologies of the disease were investigated. Pancreatitis was found to be alcohol-related (47 patients), gallstone-related (105 patients), idiopathic (26 patients) and miscellaneous (24 patients). On admission, 83 patients had abnormal body temperature and 146 patients showed leukocytosis. Bacteremia occurred in 20 patients. Of these, 15 had gallstone-related pancreatitis, two had pancreatic cancers and one developed bacteremia after endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP). These 18 patients had abnormal biochemistry results (including high serum levels of direct bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase) and dilated bile ducts on imaging studies, indicating biliary infections. The remaining two patients with bacteremia included one alcoholic patient and one patient with idiopathic pancreatitis. The most commonly involved pathogens were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In addition, eight patients (4%) developed secondary pancreatic infections during hospitalization; the blood cultures of seven of these patients were negative on admission. Although fever and leukocytosis are not good predictors of infection in acute pancreatitis our results showed that bacteremia is common in patients whose pancreatitis is related to gallstones, ERCP or pancreatic malignancy with obstructive jaundice. We recommend that antibiotics be used only in this subset of acute pancreatitis patients.
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PMID:Bacteremia in acute pancreatitis of different etiologies. 854 31

Interferons have been used to treat chronic hepatitis owing to their antiviral properties. However, now interferons are recognized to inhibit collagen production. Because fibrosis has been associated with liver damage and dysfunction, the effects of interferon-alpha 2b on biliary obstruction-induced cirrhosis were investigated. Obstructive jaundice was induced in male Wistar rats (ca. 200 g) by double ligation and division of the common bile duct. Control rats were sham operated. Interferon-alpha 2b (IFN-alpha; 1000 000 IU per rat) was administered subcutaneously daily after surgery. The animals were sacrificed after 4 weeks of bile duct ligation (BDL) or sham operation. Bilirubins and serum enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (determined as markers of liver damage) increased several-fold after BDL. Erythrocyte and hepatocyte plasma membrane Na+/K+- and Ca2+-ATPase activities decreased significantly in the BDL group. Administration of IFN-alpha to BDL rats resulted in a partial normalization of serum markers of liver damage. The normal activity of both ATPases on erythrocyte and hepatocyte plasma membranes was completely preserved by IFN-alpha. It is concluded that interferons possess interesting hepatoprotective effects not related to their antiviral properties but probably associated with their antifibrogenic effect.
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PMID:Interferon-alpha preserves erythrocyte and hepatocyte ATPase activities from liver damage induced by prolonged bile duct ligation in the rat. 860 32

Changes in the different fractions of the serum protease inhibitors were studied in experimentally produced cases of obstructive jaundice in rabbits to correlate with other liver specific diagnostic parameters. The heat stable antiprotease fraction and alkaline phosphatase levels in serum were the only parameters which did not show significant fluctuations in the normal as well as in the experimental controls and were significantly elevated due to bile duct ligation. However, due to smaller change in the magnitude, the heat stable antiprotease levels were not found to be of much diagnostic use and the determination of bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase levels in serum appeared to be better indicators for detection of liver damage in such cases due to appreciable alterations in their levels.
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PMID:Changes in serum protease inhibitors and liver specific enzymes in experimental jaundice. 897 38

Oxygen free radicals have been implicated as mediators of tissue injury in a variety of diseases. We investigated the role of oxidative injury and oxygen free radical scavengers in liver cell injury associated with obstructive jaundice in Wistar rats. Bile duct ligation for 4 or 7 days led to a decrease in both vitamin E and A in the plasma and liver of male Wistar rats, indicating the malabsorption of lipid-soluble vitamins. Serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities were increased in the bile-duct-ligated rats. Furthermore, marked increases in lipid peroxide and oxidized glutathione levels indicated cholestatic liver injury. The antioxidant defense system was impaired, as shown by decreases in reduced glutathione and in the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase. Moreover, these high lipid peroxide levels and low levels of antioxidants correlated with the severity of jaundice. After releasing the bile duct ligation, levels of bilirubin, lipid peroxide and oxidized glutathione declined, while the levels of vitamin E and A, reduced glutathione, and the activities of GSH-Px increased, indicating an improvement in liver function. These findings suggest that lipid peroxidation is associated with the pathogenesis of liver damage in animals with bile duct ligation. Meanwhile, free oxygen radical scavengers are reduced in the bile-duct-ligated rats, thereby increasing the susceptibility of the liver to injury by oxygen-derived free radicals.
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PMID:Biochemical events associated with ligation of the common bile duct in Wistar rats. 903 77

We present a new animal model of reversible obstructive jaundice, in which two polyethylene tubes were inserted into the common bile duct, one towards the liver and the other towards the duodenum. The ends of the tubes were tunneled subcutaneously and tied shut to establish obstructive jaundice. Biliary drainage was achieved without a second laparotomy by connecting the tubes with a 1-cm segment of a 24-gauge needle. Serum concentrations of total bilirubin (TB), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and albumin (Alb.) were measured before and after obstruction and decompression. TB, GOT, GPT and ALP increased and Alb. decreased 7 days after the onset of biliary obstruction. All values normalized 14 days after biliary drainage at the latest. Our model is reproducible and allows for evaluation of biliary decompression. Unlike previous models, it can be used for long-term investigation of chronic obstructive jaundice.
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PMID:New technique for inducing reversible obstructive jaundice in the rat. 916 36


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