Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The preparation of platelet concentrates (PC) from pooled buffy coats has raised concern as to whether activation of lymphocytes might take place during the period of storage. Therefore it appears to be essential to investigate the degree of leukocyte contamination and identify the subtypes of these cells. Especially lymphocytes are of relevance as they may induce either a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), the production of cytokines or a graft-versus-host reaction. As the number of leukocytes is very low we adopted the alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technique to determine the composition of leukocytes. We used mouse monoclonal antibodies to specifically stain T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, monocytes, HLA-DR-positive cells and NK cells. All subtypes could easily be identified and their relative amounts were determined. In samples from 15 PCs the percentages of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, monocytes, NK cells and HLA-DR-positive cells was 40.3, 6.4, 18.9, 7.2 and 17.1% of total leukocytes, respectively. The standard deviation ranged between 2 and 5%. We highly recommend this technique, which is a very sensitive method to determine leukocyte contamination in PC.
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PMID:[Differentiation of leukocytes in thrombocyte concentrates by APAAP staining]. 128 87

We studied the surface expression of activation markers IL2-R, HLA-DR and CD45-RO on peripheral T-lymphocytes in two groups of patients (n = 26) with idiopathic uveoretinitis, compared with controls. Thirteen patients were analysed by alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) immunocytochemistry, which demonstrated a significant rise in expression of HLA-DR and IL2-R surface markers. Flow cytometric analysis was performed on a further 13 patients, which confirmed a significant rise in IL2-R expression in uveitis patients. Within this group systemic activation was confined to patients with idiopathic retinal vasculitis. Dual flow cytometry confirmed a CD4+,IL2--R+ T--lymphocyte phenotype. A further 4 patients with retinal vasculitis who had been treated with cyclosporin A demonstrated a 32% reduction in IL2-R expression over a 3-month period. Analysis of CD45-RO and CD5+ cells was found to be uninformative in this study. We have demonstrated activated peripheral lymphocytes in patients predominantly with retinal vasculitis, the significance of which is discussed.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical analysis of blood lymphocytes in uveitis. 128 45

HLA-DRB1 allelic specificities can be determined using SSOs annealing to their complementary PCR-amplified target DNA. To perform HLA-DR oligotyping routinely for donors and recipients of bone marrow transplantation, a "reverse" dot-blot technique has been developed that consists in the hybridization of labeled PCR-amplified target DNA to SSOs that have been first attached to nitrocellulose membranes. The 15 oligonucleotides chosen enabled the following HLA-DRB1 "generic" specificities to be defined: DR1, BON, 2, 3, 4, 11, 11 JVM, 12, 13, 13 HAG, 14, 7, 8, 9, 10. The genomic DNA was amplified by asymetric PCR with incorporation of biotinylated deoxynucleotides predominantly to generate labeled single-stranded DNA. Hybridization between specific immobilized oligoprobes and target DNA was nonradioactively detected by a colorimetric reaction using alkaline phosphatase. The reverse dot-blot methodology was successfully tested, first, for the determination of HLA-DR4 subspecificities, and then the procedure was routinely applied to the generic HLA-DR oligotyping of bone-marrow donors and recipients.
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PMID:Generic HLA-DRB1 gene oligotyping by a nonradioactive reverse dot-blot methodology. 129 86

Thyroid specimens from 19 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), 11 with Graves' disease (GD), 4 with nontoxic goiter (NTG), 1 with subacute thyroiditis (SAT), 1 with thyroid adenoma and 4 from normal thyroids were investigated by alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) immunocytochemical technique. A group of monoclonal antibodies against the corresponding T cell activation antigens were used. The positive rates of all the four activation antigens in thyroid gland mononuclear cells (TG-MNC) were significantly higher in HT than in NTG (P less than 0.05-0.01). However, the differences between HT and GD were insignificant (P greater than 0.05) except for HLA-DR antigen. The activation antigen-positive (especially TLiSA 1+) TG-MNC were often seen intruding into thyroid lumens of HT. All the abnormal specimens expressed HLA-DR antigens on thyroid follicular cells (TFC) in different degrees (+/- to +3), and the degree in HT was significantly higher than that in GD (P less than 0.01) or NTG (P less than 0.05). The level of DR expression on TFC correlated significantly with the infiltrating degrees of T-activation-antigen-positive cells (P less than 0.01). This indicates that aberrant DR expression in vivo is closely related to the activation of intrathyroidal T cells.
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PMID:[Intrathyroidal T cell activation and HLA-DR antigen expression on thyroid follicular cells in autoimmune thyroid diseases]. 132 36

The mucosal immune system is concerned with host defense along the moist surfaces of the body which have contact with the external environment. These sites contain specialized lymphoid structures which contain precursors for IgA-synthesizing B lymphocytes and immunoregulatory T lymphocytes which will determine whether oral tolerance or a strong immune response develops against antigens administered orally. The key step to antigen processing in the gastrointestinal tract involves its initial uptake from the gut lumen by specialized follicle associated epithelium called 'M' cells. M cells originate from adjacent crypt epithelium and are interspersed between the absorptive epithelial cells in the follicle-associated epithelium. M cells cells have short, irregular microvilli, are closely associated with lymphocytes, do not have a prominent terminal web, and have only weak alkaline phosphatase activity but strong nonspecific esterase activity. M cells do not express surface MHC class II (HLA-DR) antigens. These cells take up macromolecules, viruses, bacteria and protozoa within 30 minutes from the initial presentation of the antigen to the intestinal lumen. After the initial uptake of antigen by M cells, the antigens are transported into the follicular areas to be processed by dendritic cells and brought into close contact with the antigen-specific precursors for IgA secreting plasma cells. The final result of M cell processing is the production of a vigorous secretory IgA response and local cell-mediated immunity with suppression of a systemic IgG, IgE and delayed-type hypersensitivity to orally-administered antigens.
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PMID:Antigen processing in the mucosal immune system. 139 96

Cell surface antigen expression during proliferation and differentiation of human erythroid progenitors was examined using a combination of sequential micromanipulations of paired daughter cells derived from erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) and immuno-staining with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Single hematopoietic progenitors were identified in methylcellulose cultures containing human cord blood mononuclear cells and micromanipulated individually to secondary culture. Paired daughter cells, granddaughter cells, and subsequent generations, whose counterparts produced erythroid bursts, were stained with various cytochemical and immuno-alkaline phosphatase stainings. Most paired daughter cells of BFU-E immunostained positively with anti-platelet glycoprotein(GP) IIb, antiplatelet GPIIb/IIIa, anti-HLA-DR, and antitransferrin receptor antibodies. Acid phosphatase staining was also positive. Neither CD34 nor CD33 antigens were identified on the cells. CD36 and blood group A antigens were first identified on cells from aggregates containing 32 to 64 cells after 4 days of secondary culture and preceded the expression of glycophorin A and hemoglobin alpha. These results indicate that various cell surface antigens were sequentially expressed during the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitors, and that our procedure may be useful for clarifying the morphologic and immunologic properties of hematopoietic stem cells.
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PMID:Changes in cell surface antigen expressions during proliferation and differentiation of human erythroid progenitors. 163 21

Immunoelectron microscopic localization of surface antigens on lymphocytes is possible using alkaline phosphatase combined with cerium-based cytochemical methods. Distinctive electron-dense deposits are easily identified at sites of antibody binding. Mouse splenocytes showing surface immunoglobulin localization and human peripheral blood lymphocytes stained for the MHC-Class II antigen HLA-DR illustrate the results. Double staining for murine Ia antigen by the alkaline phosphatase procedure, combined with immunogold labeling of antigens identified on dendritic cells, i.e., NLDC-145, demonstrates the utility of the cerium cytochemical method.
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PMID:Immunoalkaline phosphatase with cerium-based cytochemistry for double staining at the transmission electron microscopic level. 171 9

We have previously reported that during acute rejection of renal allografts T lymphocytosis and increased HLA-DR expression on tubular epithelial cells can be demonstrated in urinary sediments by incubating cytospin preparations with monoclonal antibodies against T cells and HLA-DR antigen in an indirect alkaline phosphatase technique. We now tested whether immunocytological analysis of urinary sediments can be used to differentiate acute rejection from other causes of declining graft function. For this we retrospectively selected, from a series of urinary samples that were taken either at random or as part of a longitudinal study in unselected graft recipients, those specimens that were taken at the time of increasing creatinine levels, and compared the original immunocytological diagnosis, made without knowledge of clinical data, with the final clinical one. In 44 of 74 evaluable cases an immunocytological diagnosis of rejection was made, which in 37 patients was consistent with the eventual clinical diagnosis. In 28 of 30 cases the diagnosis no rejection proved to be correct. This indicates a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 80% for the immunocytological diagnosis of rejection. Of 38 patients who underwent a renal core biopsy, the immunocytological diagnosis was consistent with the histological diagnosis in 36 cases (31 rejections, 5 no rejections). In this subgroup the sensitivity of the immunocytology was 97% and the specificity 83%. We conclude that immunocytological examination of urinary sediments in renal allograft recipients can be a valuable new tool in discriminating acute interstitial rejection from other causes of deteriorating graft function.
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PMID:Immunocytology of urinary sediments as a method of differentiating acute rejection from other causes of declining renal graft function. 187 99

Eight cases of acute myelogenous leukemia with (8; 21) translocation were reported. As recently reported, they showed following features: M2 morphology in FAB classification (all 8 patients), abnormal granulocyte maturation, i.e. large granules and pseudo Pelger-Huet forms (5), Auer rods (8), occasional eosinophilia (2), frequent loss of one sex chromosome (5), the low neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity (5), and tumor formation (one). Both CD13 and CD33 antigens were expressed on smaller number of leukemic cells than the other AML (M2) cells, whereas CD34 and HLA-DR antigens were expressed on higher number of cells. Interestingly CD19 antigen was detected on a small to large population of tumor cells from four out of six patients. Despite the high remission rate, many of them relapsed within one year. More intensive postinduction and maintenance therapy should be considered for those patients.
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PMID:[Clinical and cytological features of acute myelogenous leukemia with 8; 21 chromosome translocation]. 192 Aug 38

The influence of recombinant human interferon alpha 2a (rIFN alpha), recombinant human interferon beta 1 (rIFN beta), and recombinant human interferon gamma (rIFN gamma) on human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) cultured in vitro was studied in various rIFN concentrations (0.1 IU/ml-10(4) IU/ml) over 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 d. Cell morphology and ultrastructure, cell proliferation, expression of class II alloantigens (HLA-DR and HLA-DQ), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were investigated using an in vitro technique established in our laboratory. All rIFN tested induced alterations of typical HDMEC morphology; the cells became spindle-shaped and fibroblastoid, although they maintained their endothelial cell marker expression. Also, all IFN dose- and time-dependently inhibited the proliferation of HDMEC in vitro (rIFN alpha greater than beta greater than gamma), whereby rIFN alpha exerted the strongest growth-inhibitory effect. Alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) immunocytochemistry of the cultured cells showed dose- and time-dependent stimulation of ICAM-1 and class II antigen expression only by rIFN gamma (HLA-DR greater than HLA-DQ), rIFN alpha and beta did not exert any immunomodulatory activity on HDMEC in vitro. These results indicate that HDMEC are an important target for the action of IFN. Besides growth inhibition, it seems that rIFN gamma in particular may be involved in the modulation of leucocyte adhesion and trafficking by altering the immunophenotype of the endothelial cell population.
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PMID:Effects of rIFN alpha, beta, and gamma on the morphology, proliferation, and cell surface antigen expression of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. 197 80


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