Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

When mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum for 32-35 d were treated ig with artemether (Art) at a single dose of 300 mg.kg-1 for 24 h, the glycogen content of female and male schistosomes decreased significantly with reduction rates of about 50%. 72 h after medication, the glycogen reduction rates were 64.1-77.9%. Meantime, the protein content of female and male worms was also decreased, the reduction rates being 68.1% and 49.3%, respectively. In infected mice treated ig with Art at the same dosage for 24 h, the inhibition rates of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity in female and male worms were 30% and 25%, respectively. 72 h later, the AKP activity of female worm was further inhibited to 62.3% as compared with the control. Besides, the inhibitory effect of Art on acid phosphatase (ACP) activity of female worm was also more apparent than that of male worm. 72 h after medication, the respective inhibition rates of ACP activity in female and male worms were 75.7% and 47.6%. The results indicated that Art might exert its effect on both carbohydrate and protein metabolism of schistosomes.
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PMID:[Effect of artemether on glycogen, protein, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase of Schistosoma japonicum]. 772 Feb 2

The efficacy of praziquantel-treatment of murine Schistosoma mansoni-infections can be enhanced by concurrent administration of rabbit anti-sera with specificity for parasite antigens. Monospecific rabbit serum raised against S. mansoni worm alkaline phosphatase, that was reactive with the enzyme on the drug-treated female surface, was found to significantly and preferentially increase the mortality of female worms by PZQ. Immunoglobulins purified from the anti-alkaline phosphatase antiserum inhibited 54% of schistosome alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity on the surface of praziquantel-treated worms. We propose that synergistic antibody-mediated death of drug-damaged worms is a consequence of the inhibition of drug-exposed alkaline phosphatase on the female worm surface by passively transferred antibody.
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PMID:Praziquantel-induced exposure of Schistosoma mansoni alkaline phosphatase: drug-antibody synergy which acts preferentially against female worms. 787 Apr 63

From January 1982 to September 1987, ten diagnosed cases of biliary ascariasis were collected among 8,160 cases who were admitted for biliary tract diseases in our hospital. It represented an incidence of 0.12% in our hospital. In our series, the patients' ages ranged from 33 to 68 years old, with a female predominances. The clinical impression on admission were those of biliary tract stone, infection or pancreatitis. Signs and symptoms of biliary ascariasis were abdominal pain, fever, jaundice, vomiting of round worms and distended gallbladder. Laboratory findings disclosed leukocytosis, mildly elevated alkaline phosphatase, transaminase and bilirubin. There was a relatively high incidence of positive bile culture for bacteria. The reliable diagnostic tools for biliary ascariasis were abdominal real-time ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). They yielded a diagnostic rate of 40% and 87.5% respectively in our series. The principles of management of biliary ascariasis were conservative treatments including intravenous fluids, nasogastric decompression, antibiotics and antihelmintic agents. Other treatments that were also tried included endoscopic removal of round worms through a T-tube, or nasobiliary drainage. Surgery was considered when there were signs of complications, such as uncontrolled sepsis or suppurative cholangitis. The prognosis of biliary ascariasis was good if patients were diagnosed and treated properly. Regular follow-up with antihelmintic agents is also recommended to avoid reinfection.
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PMID:[Biliary ascariasis]. 833 52

Rabbits were experimentally infected with two levels (5000 and 17,000) infective larvae of Nematodirus spathiger. Histological (villus length, mucosa to serosa ratio, crypt surface) and biochemical (protein content, alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase activities) measurements relating to the small intestinal mucosa were examined along the entire length of the organ. In the proximal intestine, the presence of worms was associated with villus abrasion, increased crypt surface and decreased alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase activities. Conversely, beyond the main site of infection in the distal small intestine, some signs of hypertrophied villi and crypts were noted without any changes in enzyme activities. These distal variations were similar to those previously described in experimental Trichostrongylus colubriformis infections of rabbits. These results tend to confirm the use of the rabbit as an experimental model to study Nematodirus infection. They also suggest that the distal adaptive process in the nematode-parasitized small intestine could occur independently of the worm species.
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PMID:Histopathology of the small intestinal mucosa in Nematodirus spathiger infection in rabbits. 835 59

Mucosal changes associated with anthelmintic treatment in Trichostrongylus colubriformis-infected rabbits were assessed along the entire length of the small intestine. The following groups, each of five rabbits, were compared: infected (group I); infected and treated on day 21 with fenbendazole (group IT); uninfected but given fenbendazole on day 21 (group C, controls). All animals were killed on day 28. In the proximal part of the small intestine of group I rabbits, the worms were associated with shortening of the villi and a significant depletion in alkaline phosphatase activity, which differed significantly from the findings in groups C and IT. In the same region, no difference was found between groups C and IT. In the distal small intestine, hypertrophy of villi and crypts (an adaptive response to the infection), coupled with an increase in enzymic activity, were present in both groups I and IT, in contrast to group C. These results suggest that a complete mucosal restoration occurred within 7 days of anthelmintic treatment in the parasitized part of the intestine. In contrast, the adaptive response observed beyond the main site of parasitism was not abolished by treatment. The functional significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the compensatory growth commonly observed after anthelmintic treatment in ruminants.
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PMID:Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in rabbits: persistence of the distal adaptive response to parasitism after anthelmintic treatment. 854 71

This study was done to investigate the enzyme-histochemical localization and characteristics of alkaline and acid phosphatase related with metabolism in sparganum and adult of Spirometra erinacei. By the enzyme-histochemical assay, the alkaline and acid phosphatases were localized in the tegument and subtegumental musculature of sparganum and adult, but not in the parenchyma. The activities of alkaline phosphatase were stronger in the tegument than in the subtegumental musculature, and activities of acid phosphatase were stronger in the tegument of adults than those of sparganum. The 2 isozymes of alkaline and acid phosphatases were separated from s-sparganum (from snake) and r-sparganum (from experimentally infected rats) respectively, but 4 isozymes of Alp and 3 isozymes of Acp were separated from adult worms by electrophoresis. In isozyme Alp, the 66 kDa was the common isozyme, but 130 kDa isozyme of Acp was the common isozyme in spargana and adult worms. By isoelectrofocusing, 4 isozymes (PI 7.9, 7.7, 6.5 and 6.3) and 2 isozymes (PI 7.9 and 7.7) of alkaline phosphatase were separated from adults and spargana, respectively. In the stability against heat, activity of alkaline phosphatase was denatured perfectly after heating at 90 degrees C for 40 seconds. The optimum pH and temperature for activity of alkaline phosphatase were about pH 10 and 50 degrees C, respectively. The maximum activity (unit) of alkaline phosphatase was 22.0 in s-sparganum, 25.0 in r-sparganum and 215.0 in adult worms, so that the maximum activity was revealed higher in adults than spargana. As the result from above, we observed that alkaline and acid phosphatases were functioned mainly in the tegument and subtegumental musculature, and the isozymes of phosphatase were activated differently according to habitat of the parasites. The spargana and adult worms carry out the parasitism by adapting themselves to parasitic circumstance with these enzymes.
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PMID:[Characteristics of alkaline and acid phosphatase in Spirometra erinacei]. 882 Jul 43

Histochemical observations of alkaline phosphatase activity of Echinococcus multilocularis during the in vivo development in golden hamster, an alternative definitive host. The present work reports on the ability of protoscoleces from a European fox strain of E. multilocularis to differentiate and develop into the adult form in the small intestine of male golden hamsters treated with prednisolone. Detection of alkaline phosphatase activity on various stages of the developing worm was performed by histochemical methods. The enzyme activity was not demonstrable in the early stages of infection but occurred with strobilization. Age-related changes in the distribution of the enzyme activity took place during strobilization. Alkaline phosphatase activity was evident in the excretory ducts of 8 to 11 day old strobila and in the tegument of mature proglottis of 16 day old worms. This in vivo procedure with rodents as definitive hosts provides interesting preliminary results on the biology of the E. multilocularis adult. Further investigations on membrane-bound enzymes involved in physiological and nutritional processes are in progress.
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PMID:Histochemical observations of alkaline phosphatase activity of Echinococcus multilocularis during in vivo development in golden hamsters, an alternative definitive host. 902 68

The alkaline phosphatase immunoassay (APIA) is an antibody detection technique which permits the diagnosis of schistosomiasis using a butanolic extract preparation from adult worms. APIA has demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in previous reports with well characterized human sera. Its potential as a diagnostic tool for epidemiological surveillance was assessed in comparison with three other diagnostic tests: stool examination, ELISA with soluble egg antigen (SEA) and the circumoval precipitin test (COPT). APIA was 100% specific in an area without Schistosoma mansoni transmission and had 89% sensitivity in an endemic area where 69% of the infected subjects excreted less than 100 eggs g of faeces. It was found to be less sensitive in children under 5 years of age who were positive by the COPT test. APIA can be applied as an initial screening test, based on its high sensitivity, specificity, absence of cross-reactivity with intestinal parasites and the fact that it is a technique suitable for use in epidemiological surveillance.
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PMID:Evaluation of alkaline phosphatase immunoassay and comparison with other diagnostic methods in areas of low transmission of schistosomiasis. 922 99

Previous work has shown that reduction-of-function mutations in the genes daf-2 and age-1 can increase adult life (Age phenotype) of Caenorhabditis elegans and that certain daf-12 alleles considerably amplify this effect in daf-2; daf-12 doubles. We have measured the light production potential (LPP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity levels as suitable biochemical markers to further investigate genetic interactions between these genes. The light production assay measures superoxide anion production by freeze-thawed worms in assay medium containing sufficient amounts of nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form (NADH) and nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form (NADPH) to drive the chemiluminescent reaction at maximal speed, and 5 mM cyanide to fully repress cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD). This assay thus provides an estimate of the maximum output of the metabolic pathways involved at the instant of freeze-fixation, and under the condition of the assay. LPP and PTK activities decreased similarly in daf-12(m20), and a control strain that had wild-type alleles of daf-12, age-1, and daf-2. The age-dependent decrease of LPP and PTK was reduced in age-1(hx542) and age-1(hx542); daf-2(e1370), and virtually absent in daf-2(e1370) and daf-2(e1370); daf-12(m20) mutant worms. ALP activity increased with age in non-Age genotypes and showed little, if any, age-dependent alteration in daf-2(e1370) and daf-2(e1370); daf-12(m20) mutant worms. Mutation in both age-1 and daf-2 caused no stronger phenotype than a single mutation as estimated by LPP, PTK, and ALP. We propose that (a) daf-2 is the major effector of metabolic activity during adult life, (b) daf-2 downregulates metabolic activity with increasing age, and (c) daf-12 stimulates oxygen consumption independently of daf-2.
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PMID:Age-specific modulation of light production potential, and alkaline phosphatase and protein tyrosine kinase activities in various age mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans. 975 36

Specialized regions of cellular membranes termed detergent-insoluble glycosphingolipid-enriched membrane domains (DIG) have been identified in mammalian cells and shown to contain signalling molecules, cholesterol, sphingolipids and caveolae. Here we report that the unusual double surface membrane of the tegument of the trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni possesses biochemically distinct domains analogous to DIG. When subjected to sucrose density gradient centrifugation, a detergent-extracted tegument from adult parasites yielded a low-density fraction consisting of detergent-insoluble complexes (DIC). Several tegument proteins were concentrated in DIC and a subset of these were labelled when adult schistosomes were biotinylated using a membrane-impermeant reactive biotin prior to extraction. The GPI-linked proteins alkaline phosphatase (SmAP), Sm200, the membrane-bound protein Sm23, and a protein recognized by an antibody against human caveolin, co-purified with DIC whereas soluble proteins, such as paramyosin and aldolase, were found at the bottom of the gradient. Antibodies against DIC immunoprecipitated a subset of worm surface proteins and immunolabeled the dorsal tegument of adult worms. Transmission electron microscopy of DIC revealed caveolae-like structures in the double bilayer surface structure. These results suggest that the tegument of adult S. mansoni possesses specialized membrane domains that are resistant to detergent-extraction, contain a subset of total tegument membrane proteins, and bear caveola-like invaginations, and thus are analogous to DIG.
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PMID:Caveolae-like structures in the surface membrane of Schistosoma mansoni. 1059 82


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