Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Previous studies on intestinal trichinosis have dealt mainly with areas other than the intestinal epithelium. Since the epithelium is now known to be the parasite's habitat, its response to infection is important. Infection with Trichinella spiralis in immunologically slow-responding B10.A mice was associated with crypt hyperplasia and villus atrophy. With similar infection levels in both primary and challenge infections, there was no difference in the maximal degree of atrophy or hyperplasia between the 2 groups. However, challenged mice underwent these mucosal changes in about half the time. Expulsion of worms always occurred during regeneration of the intestinal epithelium suggesting that the host's defense mechanism of altering the kinetics of the epithelium was not the prime factor causing expulsion. Pulse labelling of enterocytes with [3H] thymidine showed that there was no significant increase in the relative size of the proliferation zone. This indicates that the crypt cell output was not altered by this parasite. Atrophy of the villus was analysed with respect to its 3-dimensional shape. There was a decrease in both height and width of the villus but not thickness. Thus, there is a real decrease in the size of the enterocyte population per villus. Histochemical staining of the enterocyte brush border by an alkaline phosphatase method showed that (1) hyperplastic crypts have an enlarged maturation zone and (2) the villus epithelium is composed entirely of mature cells. The distribution of the nematode population was compared to these changes in the intestine. Trichinella spiralis showed a marked anteriad (distal to proximal) migration prior to expulsion. Thus, utilizing a novel approach to study intestinal trichinosis, the response of the mucosal epithelium has been characterized.
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PMID:The response of the intestinal epithelium in B10.A mice to infection with Trichinella spiralis. 362 25

Antigenic proteins on the surfaces of different developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni were radio-iodinated by the Iodogen-catalysed method and identified by immunoprecipitation with a panel of antisera. The sera comprised specific immune serum from mice harbouring a chronic schistosome infection or vaccinated with gamma-irradiated cercariae; serum from rabbits immunized with adult schistosome tegumental outer membranes or a partially purified Mr 32 K glycoprotein from adult worm membranes; and a monoclonal antibody recognizing an Mr 20 K antigen on the surface of schistosomula. The Mr 38-32 K glycoproteins were the major antigens identified in surface-labelled cercariae and their probable association with the glycocalyx is discussed. Schistosomula transformed from cercariae either mechanically or by penetration of host skin in vitro, expressed a similar pattern of surface antigens to that identified for cercariae, but low molecular weight antigens of Mr 20, 17 and 15 K were also detected. The Mr 38-32 K glycoproteins, although present on newly transformed schistosomula, were progressively replaced with time, by a single dominant glycoprotein (Mr 32 K) expressing identical epitopes to those on the Mr 38-32 K complex. Moreover, the data confirm that the Mr 32 K glycoprotein persists on the tegument after in vivo maturation and is conserved, together with Mr 20 and 15 K antigens, through to the adult stage. New antigens (Mr 97 and 25 K) were also detected during in vivo maturation and were present in late-stage schistosomes recovered from infected hosts. In addition, the enzyme alkaline phosphatase is expressed on the surfaces of 3-week-old liver worms as a dominant antigen (Mr 65 K); this feature may be related to nutritional and/or physiological processes in the tegument of this metabolically active stage of development.
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PMID:Changes in the surface antigen profile of Schistosoma mansoni during maturation from cercaria to adult worm. 403 48

The present study examined the serum IgG1 and IgM antibody responses of infected hamsters to unfractionated and fractionated soluble somatic (SS) antigens of adult Dipetalonema viteae. Male and female adult worms were homogenized in a French pressure cell and the SS proteins extracted with 0.375 M Tris-glycine buffer. Serum IgG1 and IgM antibody responses in D. viteae infected with LVG, PD4 and CB hamster strains to the male and female unfractionated SS proteins were measured by an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum IgG1 antibody responses to the SS proteins were similar in all three strains of hamsters during the course of infection. There was no correlation between the level of IgG1 antibody and the onset of microfilariae clearance. The serum IgM antibody response was similar in both outbred LVG and inbred PD4 hamster strains. A lower IgM antibody response was found in CB hamsters and could be related to the failure of this hamster strain to eliminate microfilariae. The SS proteins of male and female adult worms were fractionated by preparative flat-bed isoelectric focusing on granulated gels (PIEF) to yield 8 and 7 fractions, respectively. The comparative antigenicity of the PIEF fractions from the SS proteins was measured by ELISA, using hyperimmune serum from LVG hamsters and rabbit antihamster IgG1-and IgM-alkaline phosphatase conjugates. No difference in ELISA reactivity was noted among the 8 and 7 PIEF fractions from male and female SS proteins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Humoral immune responses to soluble somatic extracts of Dipetalonema viteae adult worms infected hamsters. 404 Jun 54

The sheath and cuticle of microfilariae of Brugia pahangi were examined by electron microscopy and the presence of various proteins, carbohydrate and enzymes sought. The epicuticle of microfilariae consists of a pentalaminate structure (24.0 +/- 1.4 nm), a cortex (13.7 +/- 3.6 nm) and a basal zone (27.8 +/- 4.8 nm) which is often banded in appearance. The pentalaminate layers are not continuous at the base of the interannular grooves. The sheath and the epicuticle of B. pahangi stained positively with concanavalin A and saccharated iron oxide. The sheath of approximately 50% of microfilariae showed activity for acid phosphatase, 5' nucleotidase and peroxidase, but not for ATPases, alkaline phosphatase or esterase. No enzymes were detected in the epicuticle although the cortex and basal layers of the cuticle did show enzymic activity. Structures beneath the cuticle in the main body of the worms contained considerable enzymic activity. Microfilariae directly isolated from the blood of infected cats were found by immunochemical means to carry serum proteins on their sheaths but not on their cuticles. These studies extend the definition of the outer structures of microfilariae and confirm that they significantly differ in morphology and enzyme content from typical mammalian cell membranes.
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PMID:Biochemical surface components of Brugia pahangi microfilariae. 624 12

Preparations of isolated brush border plasma membrane of Hymenolepis diminuta and H. microstoma possess the following enzymatic activities: alkaline phosphohydrolase (E.C. 3.1.3.1); Type I phosphodiesterase (E.E. 3.1.4.1); ribonuclease (E.C. 3.1.4.22); adenosine triphosphatase (E.C. 3.6.1.3); and 5'-nucleotidase (E.C. 3.1.3.5). The following enzymatic activities could not be demonstrated in either membrane preparation: Type II phosphodiesterase (E.C. 3.1.4.18); cyclic adenosine-3', 5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase (E.C. 3.1.4.17); leucine aminopeptidase (E.C. 3.4.11.1); maltase (alpha-glucosidase; E.C. 3.2.1.20); and lactase (beta-galactosidase; E.C. 3.2.1.23). These data generally agree with those of previous studies in which similar membrane-bound enzymes were demonstrated in intact (living) worms.
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PMID:A comparison of membrane-bound enzymes of the isolated brush border plasma membranes of the cestodes of Hymenolepis diminuta and H. microstoma. 628 Jan 22

After twenty weeks of continuous dosing with Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae substantial, but declining, numbers of worms had persisted in most of the lambs examined, although there were wide inter-individual variations. Mucosal lesions were found in the proximal small intestines of all the infected animals, their severity being directly related to worm burden. Representative brush border enzyme activities analysed in intestinal mucosal extracts from the same lambs showed differing responses. Alkaline phosphatase and glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase were significantly depleted, whereas maltase activity was only marginally reduced, and leucine aminopeptidase activity was normal. Mucosal acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly elevated in the parasitised animals and, interestingly in view of the postulated role of this enzyme in nematode pathogenicity, the level of activity was directly correlated with individual worm burdens. Intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were unaffected and the level of superoxide dismutase, an enzyme associated with the inflammatory response, was normal. There were also no consistent changes in the mucosal activities of several enzymes including lactic dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, aldolase, and glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase, whose leakage from damaged or necrotic tissues has been well defined in terms of the concomitant increase in their activity in the circulation. Lambs treated orally with fenbendazole five and/or ten weeks before slaughter either in the presence or absence of continued larval intake, had negligible worm burdens, and showed little evidence of intestinal damage at post mortem. Brush border enzyme levels, with the exception of alkaline phosphatase and, in two cases dipeptidase, were normal in these animals. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was approximately double that in the continuously infected, untreated lambs, but remained markedly lower than in the uninfected controls. The activities of the other enzymes studied, including acetylcholinesterase, were within the control range. In summary, in chronic trichostrongylosis even relatively low nematode burdens were associated with marked pathological and biochemical damage in the intestine with both lesion severity and mucosal acetylcholinesterase activity being directly related to worm numbers. Although morphological integrity was completely restored after anthelmintic treatment, the persistent low activity of brush border alkaline phosphatase coupled with the enzymological findings in untreated, infected animals suggests that recovery of the full functional capability of the intestinal mucosa may take longer.
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PMID:Intestinal enzyme activity in lambs chronically infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis: effect of anthelmintic treatment. 634 11

During growth and maturation of the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, significant decreases occur in the brush border membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase, phosphodiesterase, 5'-nucleotidase, adenosine triphosphatase and ribonuclease activities. These decreases are accompanied by qualitative and quantitative changes in the polypeptide profiles of the brush border membrane fraction. Gradients of enzymatic activities and polypeptide profiles are also demonstrable when mature tapeworms are cut into pieces and the brush border membrane of each piece analyzed individually. In fully developed tapeworms the enzymatic activities and polypeptide profiles of membrane preparations reflect mainly the contributions of the more mature proglottids; these proglottids constitute most of the tapeworm biomass. The most anterior sections of these fully developed worms are biochemically similar to young, developing worms.
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PMID:Alterations in brush border membrane proteins and membrane-bound enzymes of the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, during development in the definitive host. 663 65

Several approaches to surface membrane stripping have been applied to the adult schistosome. Membrane removal was evaluated by the use of different extrinsic and intrinsic markers of which alkaline phosphatase proved to be the most reliable. After initial studies employing incubation of worms in buffer alone, Triton X-100 or freeze/thaw, the last method was chosen for development. The final method applies a single freeze/thaw step to adult worms in balanced salt solution followed by short bursts of agitation on a vortex mixer to release the tegument. Differential and density gradient steps subsequently yield a final membrane pellet enriched over 130 times in surface alkaline phosphatase. The method has been characterized during its development using electron microscopy and enzyme markers for contaminant worm fractions.
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PMID:Tegument surface membranes of adult Schistosoma mansoni: development of a method for their isolation. 666 62

Incubation of live adult Schistosoma mansoni in a variety of media released tegumental material containing membrane bound alkaline phosphatase, mannosyl transferase and galactosyl transferase activities. Centrifugation of the tegumental material released by incubation of worms in phosphate-buffered saline in sucrose density gradients yielded a pellet and four fractions, two of which consisted mainly of surface membranes. The distribution of the enzymes in the gradient, espeically in the two surface membrane-containing subfractions was similar. Application of the "digitonin shift" technique showed that the membranes containing the enzyme reactivities were moved to an equal extent into a denser part of the sucrose gradient. Thus the enzymes are located on the same or similar cholesterol-containing membranes. It is concluded that the transferases, like the alkaline phosphatases, are located in the surface membranes of S. mansoni and the consequences of this location for the host-parasite interaction are discussed.
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PMID:Glycosyl transferase activities are associated with the surface membrane in adult Schistosoma mansoni. 732 85

Mutations in the genes age-1 and daf-2 extend life span of Caenorhabditis elegans by 100 and 200%, respectively, in axenic culture. Adult worms that are mutant in either of these genes have higher metabolic capacities, called metabolic rate potentials, at all ages and the extension of their life expectancies are positively correlated with the increases of metabolic rate potential. The activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, and malate synthase are all higher relative to those in worms that are wild type for these genes, but acid phosphatase is down-regulated and alkaline phosphatase activity is lowered to 10% of the activity measured in age-1(+) and daf-2(+) worms. These results suggest that genes that regulate metabolic activity may play central roles in longevity and senescence.
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PMID:The gerontogenes age-1 and daf-2 determine metabolic rate potential in aging Caenorhabditis elegans. 755 26


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