Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
 47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has been suggested that post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia is related to the presence of a thyrotoxic osteodystrophy for which a high serum concentration of bone alkaline phosphatase is a marker. Changes in serum-calcium (corrected to a standard albumin concentration of 40 g/l), alkaline phosphatase (A.P.), inorganic phosphate, and albumin were studied prospectively in 54 euthyroid patients with drug-treated Graves' disease, and in 17 controls with simple non-toxic goitre, before and serially after partial thyroidectomy. All data were paired and results indicate that the pattern of biochemical change was the same in both types of patient and that the degree of change was not related to the serum-A.P. concentration in the Graves'-disease patients. Of the patients studied within the first 24 h of operation, 5 out of 12 with Graves' disease and raised serum-A.P. (group I), 9 of 20 with Graves' disease and normal serum-A.P. (group II), and 7 of 15 controls (group III) showed a fall in serum-calcium below the lower limit of the reference range. In all three groups there was a highly significant fall in serum-calcium 24 h after operation but there was no significant difference in serum-calcium between the groups either immediately before or 24 h after operation. Serum-calcium returned to pre-surgical concentrations within 7 days of thyroidectomy and serum-A.P. concentrations by 4 to 6 weeks in all groups. There was no evidence that post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia is related to thyrotoxic osteodystrophy and the pattern of the biochemical changes was thought to be consistent with release of thyrocalcitonin at operation.
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PMID:Post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia: A feature of the operation or the thyroid disorder? 6 27

Histochemical study of some enzymatic systems was conducted in various form of goiter. A study was made of the thyroid gland tissue obtained during the operation in 96 patients. Euthyrosis was accompanied by a decrease in the succinic dehydrogenase, cytochromoxidase, iodide peroxidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity. As to thyrotoxic goiter - it displayed an increase in the activity of these enzymes and desquamation of the follicular epithelium; the rejected cells possessed a high acid phosphatase activity. In comparison with thyrotoxic goiter, Askinazi's cell count was increased in the euthyroid macrofollicular nodular and diffuse goiter.
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PMID:[Histochemical characteristics of some oxidation-reduction hydrolytic enzymes in different forms of goiter]. 19 Jun 4

Thyroid specimens from 19 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), 11 with Graves' disease (GD), 4 with nontoxic goiter (NTG), 1 with subacute thyroiditis (SAT), 1 with thyroid adenoma and 4 from normal thyroids were investigated by alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) immunocytochemical technique. A group of monoclonal antibodies against the corresponding T cell activation antigens were used. The positive rates of all the four activation antigens in thyroid gland mononuclear cells (TG-MNC) were significantly higher in HT than in NTG (P less than 0.05-0.01). However, the differences between HT and GD were insignificant (P greater than 0.05) except for HLA-DR antigen. The activation antigen-positive (especially TLiSA 1+) TG-MNC were often seen intruding into thyroid lumens of HT. All the abnormal specimens expressed HLA-DR antigens on thyroid follicular cells (TFC) in different degrees (+/- to +3), and the degree in HT was significantly higher than that in GD (P less than 0.01) or NTG (P less than 0.05). The level of DR expression on TFC correlated significantly with the infiltrating degrees of T-activation-antigen-positive cells (P less than 0.01). This indicates that aberrant DR expression in vivo is closely related to the activation of intrathyroidal T cells.
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PMID:[Intrathyroidal T cell activation and HLA-DR antigen expression on thyroid follicular cells in autoimmune thyroid diseases]. 132 36

Bone metabolism was investigated in toxic goiter. The authors obtained evidence on high levels of osteocalcin which marks bone formation. The time of the thyroid function recovery during thyrostatic therapy and indices of phosphorus-calcium metabolism disagree indicating delayed normalization of the bone tissue metabolism. There is a correlation between the thyroid function, osteocalcin and oxyproline that indirectly confirms the action of thyroid hormones on the bone matrix; between osteocalcin levels and other indices of bone metabolism (serum alkaline phosphatase activity and oxyproline excretion).
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PMID:[Osteocalcin in diffuse toxic goiter]. 137 70

Leu-19 (CD56) MoAb is well known to recognize gp220 expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and is widely used as a NK cell marker. The expression of CD56 antigen was tested by means of sensitive alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) immunohistochemical technique and the above mentioned MoAb as a primary antibody, on frozen sections of various fresh human tissues. Out of 11 organs examined only thyroid gland provided a distinct reaction confined to cell membranes of epithelial follicular cells. The reaction had a diffuse pattern in cases of Graves' disease and colloidal goitre while in Hashimoto's thyroiditis presented as a focal pattern. Other anti-NK cell MoAbs such as VD4 (CD16) and Leu-7 (CD57) reacted only with single cells of thyroid stroma. The results of APAAP staining were confirmed by the cytofluorimetric assessment of isolated thyroid cells. It is speculated that CD56 expression on thyroid cells may have a functional significance, perhaps related to neural-endocrine interactions.
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PMID:Expression of CD56 (NKH-1) differentiation antigen in human thyroid epithelium. 138 4

The historical and clinical features and the haematological and biochemical changes in 126 cats with hyperthyroidism are described; 125 of the cats were domestic short- or longhaired, and one was a chinchilla. There were 62 males and 64 females with a mean age of 13.0 years. The duration of signs ranged from two days to two years with a mean of 5.4 months. The historical and clinical features were weight loss, polyphagia, polyuria/polydipsia, tachycardia, hyperactivity, diarrhoea, respiratory abnormalities, other cardiac abnormalities, skin lesions, vomiting, moderately raised temperature, decreased activity, decreased appetite, congestive cardiac failure, haematuria and intermittently decreased appetite. Goitre was palpable in 123 cats. The serum total thyroxine concentrations of the cats were more than three standard deviations above the mean of the reference range. Serum total tri-iodothyronine concentrations ranged from 0.78 to 14.96 nmol/litre and were within the reference range in 11 of the cats. Mild hyperthyroidism was a much commoner cause of high normal or marginally above normal thyroid hormone concentrations than severe, concurrent, non-thyroidal illness. Other common biochemical changes were increased of serum alanine aminotransferase, urea, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. There were minimal changes in the red cell parameters. Leucocyte changes showed two trends: a mature neutrophilia, either with or without an accompanying leucocytosis often in association with a lymphopenia, or an eosinophilia, either with or without a lymphocytosis.
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PMID:Historical, clinical and laboratory features of 126 hyperthyroid cats. 141 11

In the cytoenzymatic investigations of peripheral blood neutrophils in patients with hyperthyroidism there was found the increase of acid phosphatase activity, beta-glucuronidase, leucine aminopeptidase, and catalase moreover there was found the decrease of the activity of alkaline phosphatase. After a two-week treatment with thiamazole (methimazole++) 50 mg in 24-hour dose there was observed the decrease of acid phosphatase activity in neutrophils. During incubation of plasma containing leucocytes, from healthy persons, with L-thyroxine there was observed the increase of the activity for acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase. In patients with hyperthyroidism there appear many changes of enzymic equipment of neutrophils which are concerned with lysosomal and connected with cell membrane enzymes. The results of cytochemical investigations after application of thiamazole and no difference, with exception of catalase, between patients with Graves-Basedow disease and with toxic goitre and the results of investigations in vitro with L-thyroxin point out, that there is the possibility of connection between the observed changes in the range of enzymic equipment of neutrophils and the hormonal state of the investigated group of patients.
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PMID:[Cytochemical properties of peripheral blood neutrophils in patients with hyperthyroidism]. 148 61

Cytokine mRNA production in the thyroid tissues of patients with various thyroid diseases was analysed by in situ hybridization. In addition, infiltrating leukocytes were characterized by immunohistologic studies using the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) staining technique. The following clinical material was investigated: two cases of Graves' disease, one with high and the other with a low amount of infiltrating leukocytes as well as two cases of non-toxic goitre also showing considerable quantities of infiltrating cells. The hybridization was performed on tissue sections with antisense probes for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IFN-alpha E, IFN-beta, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1 beta. A small number of individual cells were found to express high levels of mRNA for IFN-gamma, IL-1 beta and measurable amounts of IL-6 throughout the tissue sections. However, IFN-alpha E or IFN-beta were not detected. Cytokine expressing cells were noted in the tissue of one patient with Graves' disease and in two cases with non-toxic goitre. In these samples a high amount of infiltrating leukocytes (CD45+) was detected, especially CD3+, CD8+, CD4+ and CD45RA+ T cells, in addition to B cells and macrophages. In one case an unusually large amount of T cell receptor gamma/delta+ (TcR gamma/delta+) cells was found. However, one sample of thyroid tissue derived from a patient with Graves' disease was poorly infiltrated and showed few cells expressing cytokines. In conclusion, using thyroid tissue as an example, our data suggest that the application of in situ hybridization with antisense RNA permits the study of cytokine production in tissues of both autoimmune and non-autoimmune origin.
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PMID:In situ hybridization of the mRNA for interferon-gamma, interferon-alpha E, interferon-beta, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 and characterization of infiltrating cells in thyroid tissues. 153 76

The paper presents the importance of cytochemical research in the diagnostics of thyroid gland diseases. It is considered that this research usefully supplements the standard cytodiagnostics of the thyroid, especially in clarifying functional and morphological changes in goiter. Given are the basic principals of cytochemical analyses as well as the valuing, in other words, the quantification of cytochemical results. The following methods are more closely described: PAS, alpha-naphthilacetate esterase, naphthol AS-D acetate esterase, peroxidase, beta-glucuronidase and alkaline phosphatase.
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PMID:[Cytochemical study of the thyroid gland]. 187 Apr 67

Human endocrine thyroid epithelial cells have been described to produce cytokines in vitro. In order to determine whether they do so in vivo during thyroiditis, parallel studies on mRNA expression with a non-radioactive in situ hybridization technique and immunohistochemical detection for the protein were performed on frozen sections of thyroid samples from autoimmune thyroiditis (Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis), non-toxic goitre and normal thyroid tissue. cDNA probes were sulphonated and their hybridization with mRNA was detected with a sulphonyl-specific monoclonal antibody. This signal was amplified and visualized with the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) system. The protein products were detected with immuno-purified rabbit F(ab')2 antibody fragments recognizing recombinant human cytokines, visualized by the immunoperoxidase technique. Each sample was studied at the two levels. Both interleukin-6 mRNA and protein were found in the endocrine cells. There was no obvious difference between autoimmune thyroiditis and non-toxic goitre. However, normal thyroid epithelial cells produced less interleukin-6. Interleukin-1 alpha mRNA and its protein were found in epithelial cells from Hashimoto's thyroiditis samples, but not in the others, except one Graves' disease sample, in which only mRNA was detected. Interleukin-1 beta was not detected in these cells, its mRNA was only found in one of the Graves' disease samples. These cytokines were also detected in some infiltrating cells.
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PMID:Detection of interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 production in human thyroid epithelial cells by non-radioactive in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical methods. 199 63


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