Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of repeated applications of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on immunocompetent cells (CD3 T cells) and alkaline phosphatase in the intestinal mucosa. Mice were orally treated with AFB1 for 24 days. The mucosa of the intestine showed a significant decrease in the number of CD3 T cells and a significantly lower level activity of alkaline phosphatase on day 24 in AFB1 treated mice. Similarly, with changes in the small intestine, qualitative haematological parameters were modified in systemic immunity as lymphopenia, and neutropenia, monocytopenia. AFB1 treated animals showed reduction in body weight gain and increased liver weight. We supposed that changes found in the small intestine are secondary to primary systemic haematological lesions. The decrease in CD3 T cells suggests a connection with the decrease in the host's resistance to infectious diseases.
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PMID:Effect of aflatoxin B1 on CD3 T cells and alkaline phosphatase in the intestine of mice. 1204 66

A 77-year-old man with pneumonia associated with acute myeloid leukemia was introduced to the hepatology unit at our hospital for hyperbilirubinemia. He had been suffering from a high fever because of pneumonia. He was icteric and his serum concentrations of total and direct bilirubin were 13.1 and 7.9 mg/dl, respectively. However, the other standard biochemical examinations for hepatic function, such as serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase were normal except for lactate dehydrogenase. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme analysis revealed that the high concentration was derived from leukemia cells. Ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed no abnormality in the liver or biliary tract. Administration of antibiotics for pneumonia decreased the serum bilirubin concentration, however, he died because of respiratory failure caused by the progression of pneumonia at 33 days after the admission. It was suggested that a disturbance in the bilirubin metabolism without hepatocyte necrosis or mechanical cholestasis might be involved in the pathogenesis of hyperbilirubinemia in patients with infectious diseases.
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PMID:Unusual hyperbilirubinemia associated with bacterial pneumonia and acute myeloid leukemia. 1280 38

Infectious disease, commonly caused by bacterial pathogens, is now the world's leading cause of premature death and third overall cause behind cardiovascular disease and cancer. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), caused by E. coli bacteria, is a very common bacterial infection, a majority in women (85%) and may result in severe kidney failure if not detected quickly. Among hundreds of strains the bacteria, E. coli 0157:H7, is emerging as the most aggressive one because of its capability to produce a toxin causing hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) resulting in death, especially in children. In the present study, a project has been undertaken for developing a rapid method for UTI detection in very low bacteria concentration, applying current knowledge of nano-technology. Experiments have been designed for the development of biosensors using nano-fabricated structures coated with elements such as gold that have affinity for biomolecules. A biosensor is a device in which a biological sensing element is either intimately connected to or integrated within a transducer. The basic principle for the detection procedure of the infection is partly based on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. Anti-E. coli antibody-bound Gold Nanowire Arrays (GNWA) prepared on anodized porous alumina template is used for the primary step followed by binding of the bacteria containing specimen. An alkaline phosphatase-conjugated second antibody is then added to the system and the resultant binding determined by both electrochemical and optical measurements. Various kinds of GNWA templates were used in order to determine the one with the best affinity for antibody binding. In addition, an efficient method for enhanced antibody binding has been developed with the covalent immobilization of an organic linker Dithiobissuccinimidylundecanoate (DSU) on the GNWA surface. Studies have also been conducted to optimize the antibody-binding conditions to the linker-attached GNWA surfaces for their ability to detect bacteria in clinical concentrations.
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PMID:Nano-biosensor development for bacterial detection during human kidney infection: use of glycoconjugate-specific antibody-bound gold NanoWire arrays (GNWA). 1575 Jul 90

There is significant upregulation of interleukin-18 (IL-18) expression in viral infectious diseases and in some chronic hepatic diseases, especially (i) hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, (ii) HCV infection with persistently normal ALT levels (PNAL), and (iii) non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was a better understanding of the implications of plasma IL-18 levels in the above-mentioned liver diseases. Thirty-four patients with HCV infection, 13 with NAFLD, and 10 controls were enrolled. The HCV-RNA and HCV-genotypes and the serum or plasma levels of IL-18, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT), alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, alpha(1)-fetoprotein, and ferritin were evaluated. Patients with HCV showed higher levels of IL-18 than the NAFLD patients (p <0.01) and the controls (p <0.005). Patients with NAFLD showed higher values of body mass index and liver disease parameters, compared to HCV-infected subjects or controls. These data confirm previous reports of enhanced expression of IL-18 in patients with HCV and NAFLD, compared to healthy subjects, and suggest that IL-18 is important as a marker of liver diseases.
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PMID:Association between plasma interleukin-18 levels and liver injury in chronic hepatitis C virus infection and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. 1625 58

It has recently become possible to generate high-titer papillomavirus-based gene-transfer vectors. The vectors, also known as papillomavirus pseudoviruses (PsV), have been useful for studying papillomavirus assembly, entry, and neutralization, and may have future utility as laboratory gene-transfer tools or vaccine vehicles. This chapter outlines a simple method for production of PsV and their use in a high-throughput papillomavirus neutralization assay. The production method is based on transfection of a 293 cell line, 293TT, engineered to express high levels of SV40 large T antigen. The cells are co-transfected with codon-modified papillomavirus capsid genes, L1 and L2, together with a pseudogenome plasmid containing the SV40 origin of replication. Pseudogenome encapsidation within L1/L2 capsids is largely sequence independent, and plasmids entirely lacking PV sequences can be packaged efficiently, provided they are less than 8 kilobases in size. Non-infectious virus-like particles (VLPs) can also be produced after transfection of 293TT cells with L1 alone. Efficient purification of the PsV or VLPs is achieved by Optiprep (iodixanol) density gradient ultracentrifugation. Using these methods, it is possible to produce highly purified PsV with yields of at least 10(9) transducing units from a single 75-cm2 flask of cells. PsV encapsidating a secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter plasmid were used to develop a high-throughput in vitro neutralization assay in a 96-well plate format. Infection of 293TT cells is monitored by SEAP activity in the culture supernatant, using a highly sensitive chemiluminescent reporter system. Antibody-mediated PsV neutralization is detected by a reduction in SEAP activity. The neutralization assay has similar analytic sensitivity to, and higher specificity than, a standard VLP-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
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PMID:Generation of HPV pseudovirions using transfection and their use in neutralization assays. 1635 Apr 17

We recently reported that forced expression of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Dec1 accelerated chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in pellet cultures (Shen, M., Yoshida, E., Yan, W., Kawamoto, T., Suardita, K., Koyano, Y., Fujimoto, K., Noshiro, M., Kato, Y., 2002. Basic helix-loop-helix protein DEC1 promotes chondrocyte differentiation at the early and terminal stages. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 50112-50120). Since MSC have multilineage differentiation potential, we investigated the roles of Dec1 in osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived MSC. After osteogenic induction of MSC in medium containing dexamethasone, beta-glycerophosphate, and ascorbic acid, Dec1 expression gradually increased from day 5 to day 14, while expression levels of Dec1 mRNA markedly decreased on days 3 and 7 after adipogenic induction. Infection with adenovirus expressing Dec1 raised mRNA levels of several bone characteristic molecules such as osteopontin, PTH receptor, and alkaline phosphatase, even in the absence of the osteogenic induction medium, although it had little effect on Runx2 expression or calcification. In the osteogenic induction medium, Dec1 overexpression enhanced the expression of osteopontin and alkaline phosphatase and induced matrix calcification. Knockdown of Dec1 with siRNA suppressed the expression of osteoblastic phenotype by the induced MSC. Using MSC cultures, we also confirmed that forced expression of Dec1 suppressed adipogenic differentiation. These findings suggest that Dec1 modulates osteogenic differentiation of MSC by inducing the expression of several, but not all, bone-related genes.
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PMID:Effects of overexpression of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Dec1 on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. 1648 26

Ror2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase, the expression of which increases during differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to osteoblasts and then declines as cells progress to osteocytes. To test whether Ror2 plays a role in osteoblastogenesis, we investigated the effects of Ror2 overexpression and down-regulation on osteoblastic lineage commitment and differentiation. Expression of Ror2 in pluripotent human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) by adenoviral infection caused formation of mineralized extracellular matrix, which is the ultimate phenotype of an osteogenic tissue. Concomitantly, Ror2 over-expression inhibited adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs as monitored by lipid formation. Ror2 shifted hMSC fate toward osteoblastogenesis by inducing osteogenic transcription factor osterix and suppressing adipogenic transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma. Infection with Ror2 virus also strongly promoted matrix mineralization in committed osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. Expression of Ror2 in a human preosteocytic cell line by stable transfection also promoted further differentiation, as judged by inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity, potentiated osteocalcin secretion, and increased cellular apoptosis. In contrast, down-regulation of Ror2 expression by short hairpin RNA essentially abrogated dexamethasone-induced mineralization of hMSCs. Furthermore, down-regulation of Ror2 expression in fully differentiated SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity. We conclude that Ror2 initiates commitment of MSCs to osteoblastic lineage and promotes differentiation at early and late stages of osteoblastogenesis. Finally, using a mouse calvariae ex vivo organ culture model, we demonstrate that these effects of Ror2 result in increased bone formation, suggesting that it may also activate mature osteoblasts.
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PMID:The orphan receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 promotes osteoblast differentiation and enhances ex vivo bone formation. 1709 77

Vernonia amygdalina Del. (Family Compositae) is used in Nigerian folk medicine as a tonic and remedy against constipation, fever, high blood pressure, and many infectious diseases. We have evaluated the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of an aqueous extract of V. amygdalina leaves against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice in vivo. Activities of liver marker enzymes in serum (glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase) and bilirubin levels were determined colorimetrically, while catalase activity, lipid peroxidation products, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), iron, and total protein concentrations were measured in liver homogenate. Acetaminophen challenge (300 mg/kg, i.p) for 7 days caused significant (P < .01) increases in the levels of bilirubin, liver enzymes, TBARS, and iron, while catalase activity and total protein level were reduced significantly (P < .01). Preadministration of V. amygdalina resulted in a dose-dependent (50-100 mg/kg) reversal of acetaminophen-induced alterations of all the liver function parameters by 51.9-84.9%. Suppression of acetaminophen-induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress by the extract was also dose-dependent (50-100 mg/kg). The results of this study suggest that V. amygdalina elicits hepatoprotectivity through antioxidant activity on acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in mice.
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PMID:Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of Vernonia amygdalina on acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in mice. 1720 40

Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (NAP) is used as a diagnostic marker in several hematological disorders. In regard to the role of NAP in infectious diseases, previous investigators have presented the hypothesis that NAP activity is useful to distinguish viral infections from bacterial infections. Because the numbers of patients enrolled in previous studies of viral infections were limited, we intended to evaluate the hypothesis by measuring NAP activity in a large number of pediatric patients with respiratory viral infections. A cytochemical analysis of NAP was performed in 160 patients with various types of respiratory infections. In patients with adenovirus or respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infection, NAP activity was significantly higher than the control value newly established at our department, while in patients with Epstein-Barr virus, measles, or influenza infection, it was comparable to the control value. On an individual basis, NAP scores (determined from NAP cytochemical activity) in 22 of 26 patients (84.6%) with adenovirus infection, and 31 of 42 patients (73.8%) with RS virus infection were found to exceed the 95% confidence upper limit of the control group. In conclusion, NAP activity is quite varied among different respiratory viral infections. When NAP activity is high in respiratory infections, adenovirus or RS virus infection, as well as bacterial infections, should be taken into consideration.
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PMID:Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity in respiratory viral infection. 1723 45

To our knowledge, an institutional review of systemic histoplasmosis has not been conducted in the United States since the major outbreaks in Indianapolis in 1978-4982. We conducted a retrospective review of all patients with systemic histoplasmosis diagnosed at Mayo Clinic over a 15-year period. The case definitions employed were based on an international consensus statement by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group (EORTC/IFICG) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (MSG). One hundred eleven patients with systemic histoplasmosis were identified between January 1, 1991, and December 31, 2005. Of these, 78 patients had disseminated histoplasmosis and 55 patients had Histoplasma capsulatum fungemia. The mean age of patients was 55 years, 66% were male, and 98% were white. Fifty-nine percent of patients were immunocompromised. Fever was the most frequently reported symptom (63%), followed by respiratory complaints (43%) and weight loss (37%). The peripheral white blood cell count was <3000 cells/mm in 28%, hemoglobin was <10 g/dL in 29%, and platelet count was <150,000 cells/mm in 41% of patients. Liver enzymes were elevated (alanine aminotransferase >60 U/L in 39%, aspartate aminotransferase >60 U/L in 27%), alkaline phosphatase was >200 U/L in 55%, and albumin was <3.5 g/dL in 70%. Serologic and histopathologic examinations were each positive in 75% of cases, Histoplasma urine antigen screening was positive in 80%, and H. capsulatum was culture positive in 84%. Forty-seven percent of patients were sequentially treated with an amphotericin B-containing product followed by itraconazole, 31% received itraconazole alone, and 7% received an amphotericin B-containing product only. Another 13% of patients did not receive antifungal treatment, and the remaining 2% did not have treatment data available. Sixty percent of patients required hospitalization, and in hospital mortality was 6% with a median survival time of 61 days. The relapse rate was 9%, with a median relapse-free survival of 857 days. Systemic histoplasmosis should be suspected in patients who have lived in endemic areas with fever, bone marrow suppression, and elevated hepatic enzymes, particularly if they are immunocompromised. Evaluation including a combination of Histoplasma serologic screening, urine antigen assay, and fungal culture will secure the diagnosis in most cases.
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PMID:Systemic histoplasmosis: a 15-year retrospective institutional review of 111 patients. 1750 55


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