Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase)
47,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of DL alpha-lipoic acid on the nephrotoxic potential of gentamicin was examined. Intraperitoneal injection of gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day) to rats resulted in decreased activity of the glycolytic enzymes-hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase. The two gluconeogenic enzymes--glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, the transmembrane enzymes namely the Na+, K(+)-ATPase, Ca(2+)-ATPase, Mg(2+)-ATPase and the brushborder enzyme alkaline phosphatase, also showed decreased activities. This decrease in the activities of ATPases and alkaline phosphatase suggests basolateral and brush border membrane damage. Decreased activity of the TCA cycle enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH), suggests a loss in mitochondrial integrity. These biochemical disturbances were effectively counteracted by lipoic acid administration. Lipoic acid administration by gastric intubation at two different concentrations (10 mg and 25 mg/kg/day) brought about an increase in the activity of the glycolytic enzymes, ATPases and the TCA cycle enzymes. The gluconeogenic enzymes however showed a further decrease in their activities at both the concentrations of lipoic acid administered. These observations shed light on the nephroprotective action of lipoic acid against experimental aminoglycoside toxicity and the protection afforded at 25 mg/kg/day of lipoic acid was noted to be higher than that at 10 mg level.
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PMID:Role of DL alpha-lipoic acid in gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. 765 73

Oral administration of bone extracts obtained from bovine demineralized bone matrix to rats has a direct effect on bone metabolism, affecting bone proportions and some markers of bone formation such as bone malate dehydrogenase, serum alkaline phosphatase and serum osteocalcin. Furthermore collagen deposition, bone protein synthesis and nucleic acids content were significantly increased by the treatment.
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PMID:Skeletal growth after oral administration of demineralized bone matrix. 837 75

Electrophoretic variation of enzymes in five Eimeria spp. of the domestic fowl, including nine strains, ten single-sporocyst clones and two single-sporozoite clones of E. acervulina, three strains each of E. maxima and E. tenella, two strains of E. praecox and one strain of E. necatrix, were assayed using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Ten enzymes [aldehyde oxidase (AO), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), amylase (AMY), fumarate hydratase (FUM), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), glutamate-oxaloacetate transferase (GOT), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM)] were analyzed for their ability to distinguish between these species and strains. Enzymatic activity of G6PDH, GPI, IDH, MDH and PGM was detected in all the Eimeria spp. examined. Strains within each species were characterized by the same electrophoretic variant of G6PDH. Electrophoretic variants of GPI and PGM were the most valuable in the identification of inter- and intra-specific variation, particularly in the field strains of E. acervulina and E. tenella. These two enzymes were used to examine single-sporocyst and single-sporozoite clones derived from two strains of E. acervulina. The enzymes in E. maxima appeared to be conserved, showing no variation among strains with the five enzymes detected. Relative mobilities, calculated as described in this paper, were found to be consistent between different electrophoresis runs and may serve as a reference when this medium is used.
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PMID:Isoenzymes of Eimeria from the domestic fowl: electrophoretic variants among species, strains and clones. 919 94

A highly purified hydrogenosomal fraction was obtained from Tritrichomonas foetus by differential and Percoll gradient centrifugations. Transmission electron microscopy and assay of the malic enzyme activity were used to evaluate the isolation method and the integrity of the organelle. The isolated hydrogenosomes showed the same morphology as observed in intact cells, including the presence of a peripheral vesicle with an electron-dense content. SDS-PAGE revealed the presence of several protein bands, with those of 120, 66, 60, 59, 48, 45, and 35 kDa as the major ones. The hydrogenosome membrane was solubilized with Triton X-100 leaving a fraction containing its matrix attached to the peripheral vesicle. Further treatment with proteinase K solubilized the matrix components, leaving a pure peripheral vesicle fraction. Enzymatic assay during all procedures suggested that malate dehydrogenase was localized in the hydrogenosomal membrane. SDS-PAGE showed that proteins of 66, 45 and 32 kDa were localized in the peripheral vesicle. Western blot analysis of all fractions using alkaline phosphatase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin revealed the presence of glycoproteins, with a major one of 45 kDa, in the peripheral vesicle of the hydrogenosome.
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PMID:Purification and biochemical characterization of the hydrogenosomes of the flagellate protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus. 930 94

Cisplatin [cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II)] is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug that is toxic to the kidney. Concurrent administration of cysteine together with vitamin E, Crocus sativus and Nigella sativa reduced the toxicity of cisplatin in rats. When administered i.p. for 5 alternate days with 3 mg/kg cisplatin, cysteine (20 mg/kg) together with vitamin E (2 mg/rat) an extract of Crocus sativus stigmas (50 mg/kg) and Nigella sativa seed (50 mg/kg) significantly reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels as well as cisplatin-induced serum total lipids increases. In contrast, the protective agents given together with cisplatin led to an even greater decrease in blood glucose than that seen with cisplatin alone. The serum activities of alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase of cisplatin-treated rats were significantly decreased, whereas the activities of glutathione reductase and isocitrate dehydrogenase were significantly increased. Addition of cysteine and vitamin E, Crocus sativus and Nigella sativa in combination with cisplatin partially prevented many changes in the activities of serum enzymes. In cisplatin-treated rats, the liver activities of isocitrate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly increased, whereas much greater changes were found in the kidneys, with increased activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and decreased activities of alkaline phosphatase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transferase, as well as a decreased phosphorylation to oxidation ratio in the mitochondria, indicating reduced adenosine triphosphate production. Also, administration of cysteine and vitamin E, Crocus sativus and Nigella sativa together with cisplatin partially reversed many of the kidney enzymes changes induced by cisplatin. Cysteine together with vitamin E, Crocus sativus and Nigella sativa tended to protect from cisplatin-induced falls in leucocyte counts, haemoglobin levels and mean osmotic fragility of erythrocytes and also prevented the increase in haematocrit. The results of this study indicate a basis for the toxic effects of cisplatin, and suggest a possible way of counteracting the toxicity by introducing protective agents such sulphydryl compounds, other antioxidants and extracts of natural products. It also appears that cells adapt to the effects of cisplatin through the induction of systems that produce NADPH, which in turn compensates the decrease of free sulphydryl groups. We conclude that cysteine and vitamin E, Crocus sativus and Nigella Sativa may be a promising compound for reducing cisplatin-toxic side effects including nephrotoxicity.
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PMID:Protective effect of cysteine and vitamin E, Crocus sativus and Nigella sativa extracts on cisplatin-induced toxicity in rats. 960 69

Affinity adsorbents based on immobilized triazine dyes offer important advantages circumventing many of the problems associated with biological ligands. The main drawback of dyes is their moderate selectivity for proteins. Rational attempts to tackle this problem are realized through the biomimetic dye concept according to which new dyes, the biomimetic dyes, are designed to mimic natural ligands. Biomimetic dyes are expected to exhibit increased affinity and purifying ability for the targeted proteins. Biocomputing offers a powerful approach to biomimetic ligand design. The successful exploitation of contemporary computational techniques in molecular design requires the knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of the target protein, or at least, the amino acid sequence of the target protein and the three-dimensional structure of a highly homologous protein. From such information one can then design, on a graphics workstation, the model of the protein and also a number of suitable synthetic ligands which mimic natural biological ligands of the protein. There are several examples of enzyme purifications (trypsin, urokinase, kallikrein, alkaline phosphatase, malate dehydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase, oxaloacetate decarboxylase and lactate dehydrogenase) where synthetic biomimetic dyes have been used successfully as affinity chromatography tools.
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PMID:Biomimetic dyes as affinity chromatography tools in enzyme purification. 1099 23

Thirty-one urease-positive thermophilic Campylobacter (UPTC) isolates, including three reference strains (NCTC12892, NCTC12895 and NCTC12896), and three Campylobacter lari isolates, which were isolated from several countries and sources, were compared genotypically by using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE). We examined allelic variation around seven enzyme loci, including the adenylate kinase, alkaline phosphatase, catalase, fumarase, malic enzyme, malate dehydrogenase, and L-phenylalanyl-L-leucine peptidase loci. MLEE typing revealed the presence of 23 different electrophoretic types (ETs) among the 31 UPTC isolates, and 14 isolates shared six electrophoretic profiles. Three different ETs were identified for the three C. lari isolates examined, and no ETs were shared by UPTC and C. lari isolates. Quantitative analyses were subsequently performed by using allelic variation data, and the results demonstrated that the mean genetic diversity was 0.655. In conclusion, MLEE demonstrated that the UPTC isolates examined are genetically hypervariable and form a cluster separate from the C. lari cluster.
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PMID:Characterization of urease-positive thermophilic Campylobacter subspecies by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis typing. 1278 30

Adriamycin, which is widely used in the treatment of various neoplastic conditions, exerts toxic effects in several organs. Adriamycin nephrotoxicity has been recently documented in a variety of animal species. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of lipoic acid on the nephrotoxic potential of adriamycin. The study was carried out with adult male albino rats of Wistar strain. Test animals were divided into four groups of six rats each as follows: Group I (control) received only normal saline throughout the course of the experiment. Group II (ADR) received intravenous injections of adriamycin through the tail vein (1 mg kg(-1) body wt day(-1)) once a week for a period of 12 weeks. Group III (LA) received lipoic acid (35 mg kg(-1) body wt day(-1)) intraperitoneally once a week for a period of 12 weeks. Group IV (ADR + LA) received a single injection of lipoic acid intraperitoneally 24 h prior to the administration of adriamycin through the tail vein once a week for a period of 12 weeks. Intravenous injections of adriamycin resulted in decreased activities of the glycolytic enzymes; hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase in the rat renal tissue. The gluconeogenic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, showed a decline in their activities on adriamycin administration. The transmembrane enzymes namely the Na+,K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase and the brush-border enzyme alkaline phosphatase also showed a decrease in their activities. This decrease in the activities of ATPases and alkaline phosphatase suggests basolateral and brush-border membrane damage. Decreased activities of the TCA cycle enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, suggest a loss in mitochondrial function and integrity. Nephrotoxicity was evident from the increased excretions of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and gamma-glutamyl transferase in the urine of adriamycin administered rats. These biochemical disturbances were effectively counteracted on pre-treatment with lipoic acid, which brought about an increase in the activities of glycolytic enzymes, ATPases and the TCA cycle enzymes. On the other hand, the gluconeogenic enzymes showed a further decrease in their activities on lipoic acid pretreatment. LA pretreatment also restored the activities of the urinary enzymes to normal. These observations shed light on the nephroprotective action of lipoic acid rendered against experimental aminoglycoside toxicity.
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PMID:The influence of lipoic acid on adriamycin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. 1284 26

This study examined the possibility of using striped field mice as a biological dosimeter or indicator for surveillance of the ecological effects of boundary radiation emitted by nuclear power plants. For this study, the external morphological characteristics and isoenzymic electrophoretypes of Korean domestic dark-striped field mice were studied after they were captured, controlled for reproduction, and their exact species were identified. In terms of morphological external characteristics, the dark-brown coat, dark back stripe, head-to-tail length, tail length, and ear length matched the taxonomical characteristics of dark-striped field mice. In terms of isoenzymic electrophoretypes, the analyses on I-lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and malate dehydrogenase revealed that one species of dark-striped field mice, called Apodemus agrarius coreae, was scattered throughout a wide range of habitats. On the other hand, after irradiating the A. a. coreae (0, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, and 7 gray [Gy]) to analyze their survival rate and frequency of micronuclei in peripheral polychromatic erythrocytes, their LD50/30 was approximately 5 Gy. Also, the mice that contained 1 or 3 Gy gained weight compared with those that contained 0.5 Gy. Moreover, those with 0.5 Gy and higher showed an increase in white blood cells and platelets as well as in sodium and creatinine. However, decreased concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, alanine animotransferase, calcium, phosphorus, and globulin were observed in the A. a. coreae after irradiation. The results of the study reveal that wild A. a. coreae mice have high potential as a biological monitoring system to determine radiation effects in human environments such as those within the vicinity of nuclear power plants.
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PMID:Potential of dark-striped field mice, Apodemus agrarius coreae, for use as a biological radiation dosimeter for human environments. 1686 42

During Ramadan, Muslims the world over abstain from food and water from dawn to sunset for a month. We hypothesised that this unique model of prolonged intermittent fasting would result in specific intestinal and liver metabolic adaptations and hence alter metabolic activities. The effect of Ramadan-type fasting was studied on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and the brush border membrane of intestine and liver from rat used as a model. Rats were fasted (12 h) and then refed (12 h) daily for 30 d, as practised by Muslims during Ramadan. Ramadan-type fasting caused a significant decline in serum glucose, cholesterol and lactate dehydrogenase activity, whereas inorganic phosphate increased but blood urea N was not changed. Fasting resulted in increased activities of intestinal lactate (+34%), isocitrate (+63%), succinate (+83%) and malate (+106%) dehydrogenases, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (+17%) and glucose-6-phosphatase (+22%). Liver lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase activities were also enhanced. However, the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme fell significantly in the intestine but increased in liver. Although the activities of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and sucrase decreased in mucosal homogenates and brush border membrane, those of liver alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase significantly increased. These changes were due to a respective decrease and increase of the maximal velocities of the enzyme reactions. Ramadan-type fasting caused similar effects whether the rats fasted with a daytime or night-time feeding schedule. The present results show a tremendous adaptation capacity of both liver and intestinal metabolic activities with Ramadan-type fasting in rats used as a model for Ramadan fasting in people.
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PMID:Influence of Ramadan-type fasting on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and brush border membrane in small intestine and liver of rat used as a model. 1718 84


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