Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.27.5 (RNase)
17,967 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interleukin-12 (IL-12), an important cytokine in host defense against microbial pathogens, regulates natural killer and T-cell function(s) including the induction of gamma-interferon production. The major cellular sources of IL-12 are monocytes/macrophages. Bacteria, bacterial products, and intracellular parasites are the most efficient inducers of IL-12 production. In the present study we show that a signal transduction pathway sensitive to rapamycin may have an important role in the regulation/suppression of Staphylococcus aureus-induced IL-12 production in vitro. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocytes, or a human monocytic cell line THP-1 were stimulated with S. aureus Cowan strain 1 (SAC) in the presence or absence of rapamycin and investigated for production of IL-12 protein by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and IL-12 p40 mRNA accumulation by RNase protection assay or real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results show that rapamycin significantly enhances SAC-induced IL-12 p70 protein production and IL-12 p40 mRNA accumulation. Further the results demonstrate that wortmannin enhances SAC-induced IL-12 p40 mRNA accumulation, whereas Ly294002 does not. These data indicate that a rapamycin-sensitive signaling pathway may act as a negative feedback cascade in the regulatory mechanisms of IL-12 production.
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PMID:Negative regulation of interleukin-12 production by a rapamycin-sensitive signaling pathway: a brief communication. 1453 May 10

9-cis Retinoic acid (9-CRA) is a lipophilic molecule that binds to the retinoid X receptor (RXR). Although retinoic acid (RA) has been known to regulate neutrophil differentiation, a specific role for 9-CRA in chemokine-mediated cellular processes remains obscure. We investigated the effects of 9-CRA on expression of CC chemokine receptors (CCRs) in human monocytic THP-1 cells and peripheral blood monocytes. RNase protection assay was performed to examine the mRNA levels of CCRs in 9-CRA-treated THP-1 cells. mRNA expression of CCR1 and CCR2 was induced in both a dose and time dependent manner. CCR1 and CCR2 mRNA expression began to increase from 6h after a 100nM 9-CRA treatment and reached a maximal level at 12h. Surface expression of CCRs was monitored by flow cytometry. CCR1 and CCR2 surface expression increased in 9-CRA-treated THP-1 cells, but not in untreated cells. Calcium mobilization and chemotactic activity were determined to examine the effect of 9-CRA on cell movement. The intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and the chemotactic activity increased in 9-CRA-treated cells in response to the CCR1-dependent chemokines Lkn-1, MIP-1alpha, and RANTES, and the CCR2-specific chemokine MCP-1. Increased surface expression of CCR1 and the Ca(2+) influx due to 9-CRA were confirmed in peripheral blood monocytes. Taken together, 9-CRA increases the expression levels of mRNA and protein of both CCR1 and CCR2, and the cell migration ability in THP-1 cells and peripheral blood monocytes, indicating that 9-CRA may regulate inflammatory processes through an increased response to CCR1- and CCR2-dependent chemokines.
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PMID:Differential effects of 9-cis retinoic acid on expression of CC chemokine receptors in human monocytes. 1527 68

The anti-inflammatory effects of salicylates, originally attributed to inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity, are currently known to involve additional mechanisms. In this study we investigated the possible modulation by salicylates of NFAT-mediated transcription in lymphocytic and monocytic cell lines. RNase protection assays showed that 2-acetoxy-4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid (triflusal) inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, mRNA expression of several cytokine genes, most of which are NFAT-regulated and cyclosporin A (CsA)-sensitive. In Jurkat cells, the expression of IL-3, GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1, IL-2, lymphotactin, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta was inhibited to different extents. In THP-1 cells, inhibition of the expression of M-CSF, G-CSF, stem cell factor, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1, lymphotoxin-beta1, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and IL-8 was observed. Sodium salicylate and aspirin only showed significant effects at 5 mM. The transcriptional activity of two genes that contain NFAT sites, a GM-CSF full promoter and a T cell-specific enhancer from the IL-3 locus, was also inhibited by salicylates. Transactivation experiments performed with several NFAT-dependent and AP-1-dependent reporter genes showed that triflusal strongly inhibited NFAT-dependent transcription at concentrations as low as 0.25 mM. Sodium salicylate and aspirin were less potent. The triflusal inhibitory effect was reversible and synergized with suboptimal doses of CsA. Experiments to address the mechanism of action of salicylates in the NFAT activation cascade disclosed a mechanism different from that of CsA, because salicylates inhibited DNA-binding and NFAT-mediated transactivation without affecting phosphorylation or subcellular localization of NFAT. In summary, these data describe a new pharmacological effect of salicylates as inhibitors of NFAT-dependent transcription.
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PMID:A new pharmacological effect of salicylates: inhibition of NFAT-dependent transcription. 1549 24

Human monocytic THP-1 cells can be induced to differentiate to macrophages when treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). It is understood that before initiating cell differentiation, PMA treatment must first induce an inhibition of cell growth. Since the initial biochemical and molecular events that are associated with this growth inhibition have not been characterized, the present study was carried out to elucidate the molecular mechanisms associated with the PMA-induced growth arrest of THP-1 cells. Our results indicate that PMA inhibits THP-1 cells at G1-phase of the cell cycle, via a complex mechanism associated with the modulation of the expression of several cell cycle regulators, initiated by the cellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Both p21WAF1/CIP1 mRNA and protein were upregulated 24 h post PMA treatment as demonstrated by ribonuclease protection assay and Western blotting, respectively. Because these cells lack functional p53, this effect was independent of p53 activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that the PMA-induced activation of the p21WAF1/CIP1 promoter was driven by the specific protein 1 (Sp1) transcription factor through Sp1-binding sites. Additionally, our study demonstrates that PMA-induces the upregulation of p21 through a protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated ROS-dependent signaling mechanism involving MAP kinase activation.
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PMID:Signal transduction of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced growth inhibition of human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells is reactive oxygen dependent. 1597 37

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) play critical roles in mediating monocyte adhesion to the vascular endothelium and monocyte migration into the subendothelial regions of the vessels. Inasmuch as cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), an IL-6-type cytokine, was expressed in human atherosclerotic plaque, we examined whether CT-1 induces monocyte adhesion and migration by stimulating gene and protein expressions of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Immunocytochemistry revealed that CT-1 increased intensity of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 immunoreactivity in HAECs. Adhesion assay and chemotaxis assay revealed that CT-1 increased human monocytic THP-1 cell adhesion to HAECs and promoted chemotaxis in THP-1 cells, which were attenuated by anti-ICAM-1 and anti-MCP-1 antibody, respectively. Western blot analysis showed that CT-1 increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 MAP kinase, p38 MAP kinase, and Akt and that their inhibitors, PD-98059, SB-203580, and LY-294002, respectively, inhibited phosphorylation. RNase protection assay and ELISA demonstrated that CT-1 increased gene and protein expressions of ICAM-1 and MCP-1. EMSA revealed that CT-1 enhanced NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity. CT-1-mediated upregulation of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 was suppressed by PD-98059, SB-203580, LY-294002, and parthenolide. The present study demonstrates that CT-1 promotes monocyte adhesion and migration by stimulating ICAM-1 and MCP-1 through mechanisms that involve ERK1/2 MAP kinase, p38 MAP kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and NF-kappaB pathways and suggests that CT-1 plays an important role in the pathophysiology of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Cardiotrophin-1 stimulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human aortic endothelial cells. 1805 23

Chemokines and chemokine receptors play a role in migration of circulating leukocytes to the region of inflammation. Human LZIP is an uncharacterized transcription factor and is known to participate in leukotactin (Lkn)-1/CCL15-induced cell migration. We investigated the role of human LZIP in expression of CC chemokine receptors (CCRs) and its involvement in monocyte migration. RNase protection analysis showed that LZIP increased mRNA expression of CCR2 and CCR1 in THP-1 cells. Surface expressions of both CCR2 and CCR1 were also increased by LZIP. Results from an electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that LZIP binds to the C/EBP element in the CCR2 promoter. LZIP also enhanced the chemotactic activities of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/CCL2 and Lkn-1. These results suggest that LZIP regulates expression of chemokine receptors that are involved in monocyte migration.
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PMID:Human LZIP induces monocyte CC chemokine receptor 2 expression leading to enhancement of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1/CCL2-induced cell migration. 1858 71

Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-2 (NOD2) is an intracellular protein involved in innate immunity and linked to chronic inflammatory diseases in humans. Further characterization of the full spectrum of proteins capable of binding to NOD2 may provide new insights into its normal functioning as well as the mechanisms by which mutated forms cause disease. Using a proteomics approach to study human THP-1 cells, we have identified 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase type 2 (OAS2), a dsRNA binding protein involved in the pathway that activates RNase-L, as a new binding partner for NOD2. The interaction was confirmed using over-expression of OAS2 and NOD2 in HEK cells. Further confirmation was obtained by detecting NOD2 in immunoprecipitates of endogenous OAS2 in THP-1 cells. Finally, over-expression of NOD2 in THP-1 cells led to enhanced RNase-L activity in cells treated with poly(I:C), a mimic of double-stranded RNA virus infection. These data indicate connectivity in pathways involved in innate immunity to bacteria and viruses and suggest a regulatory role whereby NOD2 enhances the function of RNase-L.
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PMID:Nucleotide oligomerization domain-2 interacts with 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase type 2 and enhances RNase-L function in THP-1 cells. 1985 19

We reported previously that microRNA (miRNA) are present in whey fractions of human breast milk, bovine milk, and rat milk. Moreover, we also confirmed that so many mRNA species are present in rat milk whey. These RNA were resistant to acidic conditions and to RNase, but were degraded by detergent. Thus, these RNA are likely packaged in membrane vesicles such as exosomes. However, functional extracellular circulating RNA in bodily fluids, such as blood miRNA, are present in various forms. In the current study, we used bovine raw milk and total RNA purified from exosomes (prepared by ultracentrifugation) and ultracentrifuged supernatants, and analyzed them using miRNA and mRNA microarrays to clarify which miRNA and mRNA species are present in exosomes, and which species exist in other forms. Microarray analyses revealed that most mRNA in milk whey were present in exosomes, whereas miRNA in milk whey were present in supernatant as well as exosomes. The RNA in exosomes might exert functional effects because of their stability. Therefore, we also investigated whether bovine milk-derived exosomes could affect human cells using THP-1 cells. Flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy studies revealed that bovine milk exosomes were incorporated into differentiated THP-1 cells. These results suggest that bovine milk exosomes might have effects in human cells by containing RNA.
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PMID:Bovine milk exosomes contain microRNA and mRNA and are taken up by human macrophages. 2572 10

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is an important cytokine for the immunomodulatory effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Using murine immune cells, we previously reported that the RNA of Enterococcus faecalis EC-12, a LAB strain exerting probiotic-like beneficial effects, is the major IL-12-inducing immunogenic component. However, it was recently revealed that bacterial RNA can be a ligand for Toll-like receptor (TLR) 13, which is only expressed in mice. Because TLR13 is not expressed in humans, the immuno-stimulatory and -modulatory effects of LAB RNA in human cells should be augmented excluding TLR13 contribution. In experiment 1 of this study, the role of LAB RNA in IL-12 induction in human immune cells was studied using three LAB strains, E.faecalis EC-12, Lactobacillus gasseri JCM5344, and Bifidobacterium breve JCM1192. RNase A treatment of heat-killed LAB significantly decreased the IL-12 production of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells on stimulation, while RNase III treatment revealed virtually no effects. Further, IL-12 production against heat-killed E. faecalis EC-12 was abolished by depleting monocytes. These results demonstrated that single stranded RNA (ssRNA) of LAB is a strong inducer of IL-12 production from human monocytes. In experiment 2, major receptor for ssRNA of E. faecalis EC-12 was identified using THP-1 cells, a human monocytic cell line. The type of RNA molecules of E. faecalis EC-12 responsible for IL-12 induction was also identified. IL-12 production induced by the total RNA of E. faecalis EC-12 was significantly reduced by the treatment of siRNA for TLR8 but not for TLR7. Furthermore, both 23S and 16S rRNA, but not mRNA, of E. faecalis EC-12 markedly induced IL-12 production from THP-1 cells. These results suggested that the recognition of ssRNA of E. faecalis EC-12 was mediated by TLR8 and that rRNA was the RNA molecule that exhibited IL-12-inducing ability in human cells.
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PMID:RNA of Enterococcus faecalis Strain EC-12 Is a Major Component Inducing Interleukin-12 Production from Human Monocytic Cells. 2608 38

Toll-like receptor (TLR) 13 and TLR2 are the major sensors of Gram-positive bacteria in mice. TLR13 recognizes Sa19, a specific 23S ribosomal (r) RNA-derived fragment and bacterial modification of Sa19 ablates binding to TLR13, and to antibiotics such as erythromycin. Similarly, RNase A-treated Staphylococcus aureus activate human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) only via TLR2, implying single-stranded (ss) RNA as major stimulant. Here, we identify human TLR8 as functional TLR13 equivalent that promiscuously senses ssRNA. Accordingly, Sa19 and mitochondrial (mt) 16S rRNA sequence-derived oligoribonucleotides (ORNs) stimulate PBMCs in a MyD88-dependent manner. These ORNs, as well as S. aureus-, Escherichia coli-, and mt-RNA, also activate differentiated human monocytoid THP-1 cells, provided they express TLR8. Moreover, Unc93b1(-/-)- and Tlr8(-/-)-THP-1 cells are refractory, while endogenous and ectopically expressed TLR8 confers responsiveness in a UR/URR RNA ligand consensus motif-dependent manner. If TLR8 function is inhibited by suppression of lysosomal function, antibiotic treatment efficiently blocks bacteria-driven inflammatory responses in infected human whole blood cultures. Sepsis therapy might thus benefit from interfering with TLR8 function.
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PMID:Human TLR8 senses UR/URR motifs in bacterial and mitochondrial RNA. 2654 85


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