Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.27.5 (RNase)
 17,967 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Five subtypes of the muscarinic receptor have been cloned from both the rat and human genomes. Although all five genes have the coding sequences in a single exon, their structures 5' of the initiation codon are largely uncharacterized, except for the M4 receptor. In the brain, muscarinic receptors mediate motor and memory function by interaction with their ligand acetylcholine. In addition, the M1 muscarinic subtype has been implicated in behavior, stress-adaptive cardiovascular reflexes, and blood pressure regulation. In the current study the M1 muscarinic receptor noncoding 5'-flanking region has been identified and characterized, including the promoter and two 5' noncoding exons located approximately 13-14 kb from the coding exon. Similar to the M4 muscarinic receptor gene the M1 promoter is GC-rich, contains no TATA box, but has two potential CAAT boxes and several putative binding sites for transcription factors such as SP1 and AP-1-3. The transcription initiation site was identified by RNase protection and primer extension. Promoter activity was confirmed in transient expression assays, using luciferase reporter constructs. A 0.89-kb fragment consisting of 480 bp of the promoter, exon 1, and part of intron 1 expressed luciferase activity in two M1 receptor-expressing cell lines (CCL-107 and CCL-147), whereas a longer fragment (1.5 kb) that extends into intron 2 demonstrated significantly increased luciferase activity. The constructs exhibited responses indicating the presence of functional glucocorticoid-, acute-phase-, and heat shock-responsive elements.
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PMID:Identification and characterization of the rat M1 muscarinic receptor promoter. 1003 60

We systematically investigated the impact of the relative maturation levels of dendritic cells (DCs) on their cell surface phenotype, expression of cytokines and chemokines/chemokine receptors (by DNA array and RNase protection analyses), biological activities, and abilities to induce tumor immunity. Mature DCs expressed significantly heightened levels of their antigen-presenting machinery (e.g., CD54, CD80, CD86) and numerous cytokines and chemokines/chemokine receptors (i.e., Flt-3L, G-CSF, IL-1alpha and -1beta, IL-6, IL-12, CCL-2, -3, -4, -5, -17, and -22, MIP-2, and CCR7) and were significantly better at inducing effector T cell responses in vitro. Furthermore, mice vaccinated with tumor peptide-pulsed mature DCs better survived challenge with a weakly immunogenic tumor (8 of 8 survivors) than did mice vaccinated with less mature (3 of 8 survived) or immature (0 of 8 survivors) DCs. Nevertheless, intermediate-maturity DCs expressed substantial levels of Flt-3L, IGF-1, IL-1alpha and -1beta, IL-6, CCL-2, -3, -4, -9/10, -17, and -22, MIP-2, osteopontin, CCR-1, -2, -5, and -7, and CXCR-4. Taken together, our data clearly underscore the critical nature of employing DCs of full maturity for DC-based antitumor vaccination strategies.
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PMID:DNA array and biological characterization of the impact of the maturation status of mouse dendritic cells on their phenotype and antitumor vaccination efficacy. 1190 30