Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.27.5 (RNase)
 17,967 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lysosomal degradation of intracellular proteins during serum withdrawal is stimulated by a member of the 70-kDa heat shock protein (hsp70) family (Chiang, H.-L., Terlecky, S. R., Plant, C. P., and Dice, J. F. (1989) Science 246, 382-385). This hsp70, isolated by affinity chromatography with RNase S-peptide-Sepharose, is referred to as the 73-kDa peptide recognition protein (prp73). We now report that prp73 binds to several proteins and peptides whose degradative rates are increased during serum withdrawal. prp73 also binds to the pentapeptide, KFERQ, and more weakly to most modified RNase S-peptide derivatives with a single amino acid substitution within the KFERQ sequence. Taken together, these results suggest that prp73 binds to a variety of proteins at peptide regions biochemically related to KFERQ. Three lines of evidence indicate that prp73 is the heat shock cognate protein of 73 kDa (hsc73): (a) among five hsp70s tested, hsc73 binds to RNase S-peptide most avidly, (b) both prp73 and hsc73 also bind to RNase A and aspartate aminotransferase but not to ovalbumin, lysozyme, or ubiquitin, and (c) both prp73 and hsc73 promote uptake and degradation of [3H] RNase S-peptide by lysosomes in vitro, while three other hsp70s are without activity in this assay.
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PMID:Protein and peptide binding and stimulation of in vitro lysosomal proteolysis by the 73-kDa heat shock cognate protein. 157 55

We review evidence for a pathway by which specific cytosolic proteins are targeted to lysosomes for degradation in cultured cells in response to serum withdrawal. This pathway is also activated by starvation in several rat tissues. The enhanced degradation is specific for a class of intracellular proteins containing peptide sequences related to residues 7 to 11 of ribonuclease A (RNase A). The amino acid sequence of this pentapeptide is lysine-phenylalanine-glutamate-arginine-glutamine, or, in single letter amino acid abbreviations, KFERQ. A heat shock protein of 73 kDa binds to such peptide regions in proteins and somehow mediates their transfer to lysosomes for degradation. The recent reconstitution of this lysosomal pathway of proteolysis in vitro should permit detailed mechanistic analysis of how proteins are directed to and translocated across lysosomal membranes.
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PMID:Targeting of cytosolic proteins to lysosomes for degradation. 207 87

We report the nucleotide sequence of a 2652 bp derived from a chicken 90-kDa heat shock protein (hsp 90) genomic clone. This fragment contains 890 bp of the 5' flanking region and 1762 bp of structural gene sequence encoding the first 85 amino acids of the protein. The start site of transcription was determined by primer extension and RNase mapping. Two introns have been identified. The first intron presents two features in common with the unique intron of the hsp 83 of drosophila: its location just before the ATG initiation codon and its length of approximately 1.3 Kb. The 5' flanking region contains a TATAA element, a CCAAT box and several putative cis-regulatory elements that might account for the basal level of expression and developmental regulation of the gene. Functional analyses show that hsp 90 gene expression is constitutive and heat inducible and that a full heat shock response requires the cooperativity of two distinct blocks of overlapping heat shock response elements.
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PMID:Isolation and functional analysis of chicken 90-kDa heat shock protein gene promoter. 276 25

A cDNA library was constructed from size-fractionated poly(A)+ RNA prepared from a murine pre-B-cell hybridoma expressing high levels of immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (BiP) and mu heavy chains. Transformed bacterial colonies were screened for recombinant plasmids containing cDNA coding for BiP by hybrid-selected mRNA translation. A clone, pMBiP, containing a 736-base-pair insert was shown to encode the protein. Translation in vitro of hybridoma mRNA selected by hybridization to the pMBiP cDNA yielded a single polypeptide of BiP-like size. The authenticity of this mRNA was verified by comparing the peptides obtained by the limited proteolysis of its in vitro translation product with those obtained from the in vivo produced BiP. Likewise, the authenticity of the cDNA insert was verified by an RNase A protection assay of heteroduplex molecules obtained by annealing a uniformly labeled single-strand copy of the cDNA clone with the same mRNA selected by hybridization and tested by translation. The nucleotide sequence of this clone enabled us to deduce the carboxyl-terminal 142 amino acids of BiP and to establish its kinship with the 70-kDa heat shock protein family. The finding of a single copy of the BiP gene in DNA blots of mouse and rat implies that the BiP-related RNA transcripts constitutively expressed in various murine tissues and cell lines are indeed products of the same gene. These findings imply that BiP plays a more general role than previously anticipated on the basis of the discovery of its association with immunoglobulin heavy chains.
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PMID:cDNA cloning of the immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein. 289 72

Until recently it was believed that Xenopus oocytes respond to heat shock by synthesizing the 70-kD heat shock protein hsp70 and that, uniquely amongst animal cell types, this response is mediated entirely at the translational level. This view has now been challenged and we present data that reevaluate the involvement of translational control in the heat shock response of Xenopus oocytes. RNase mapping shows that up to 13 pg of hsp70A and hsp70B mRNA are accumulated by fully grown oocytes in the absence of heat shock. These transcripts are retained stably during maturation, fertilization, early cleavage, and following heat shock. However, no hsp70 protein synthesis can be detected by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel analysis of [35S]methionine-labeled proteins from completely defolliculated oocytes, either before or during heat shock. Oocytes injected with hsp70A DNA rapidly accumulate high levels of hsp70 mRNA in their cytoplasm at normal temperature. During heat shock these oocytes accumulate more transcripts, but they remain in the nucleus and cytoplasmic levels remain constant. Translation of hsp70 from these transcripts is readily detectable at non-heat shock and heat shock temperatures. We conclude that (1) "exogenous" hsp70 transcripts are efficiently translated and not masked at normal temperatures in oocytes, and (2) oocytes are able to selectively translate hsp70 mRNA during heat shock.
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PMID:Transcript levels and translational control of hsp70 synthesis in Xenopus oocytes. 367 30

Previous studies have implicated the heat shock cognate (hsc) protein of 73 kD (hsc73) in stimulating a lysosomal pathway of proteolysis that is selective for particular cytosolic proteins. This pathway is activated by serum deprivation in confluent cultured human fibroblasts. We now show, using indirect immunofluorescence and laser scanning confocal microscopy, that a heat shock protein (hsp) of the 70-kD family (hsp70) is associated with lysosomes (ly-hsc73). An mAb designated 13D3 specifically recognizes hsc73, and this antibody colocalizes with an antibody to lgp120, a lysosomal marker protein. Most, but not all, lysosomes contain ly-hsc73, and the morphological appearance of these organelles dramatically changes in response to serum withdrawal; the punctate lysosomes fuse to form tubules. Based on susceptibility to digestion by trypsin and by immunoblot analysis after two-dimensional electrophoresis of isolated lysosomes and isolated lysosomal membranes, most ly-hsc73 is within the lysosomal lumen. We determined the functional importance of the ly-hsc73 by radiolabeling cellular proteins with [3H]leucine and then allowing cells to endocytose excess mAb 13D3 before measuring protein degradation in the presence and absence of serum. The increased protein degradation in response to serum deprivation was completely inhibited by endocytosed mAb 13D3, while protein degradation in cells maintained in the presence of serum was unaffected. The intralysosomal digestion of endocytosed [3H]RNase A was not affected by the endocytosed mAb 13D3. These results suggest that ly-hsc73 is required for a step in the degradative pathway before protein digestion within lysosomes, most likely for the import of substrate proteins.
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PMID:An intralysosomal hsp70 is required for a selective pathway of lysosomal protein degradation. 915 85

Influenza virus infection is known to shut off the expression of host genes. To study the mechanism, we examined the effects of influenza A/Udorn/72 virus infection on the heat induction of a major heat shock protein, HSP70, in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. The induction of HSP70 protein synthesis was progressively suppressed with postinfection time when heat shock was applied. Northern hybridization analysis revealed the appearance of longer, heterogeneous HSP70 transcripts in the range of 2.7 to 30 kb with a concomitant decrease in the amount of the mature 2.7-kb mRNAs in the nucleus of the infected cells. Such longer beta-actin transcripts were also observed but with much less intensity. The longer HSP70 transcripts contained the downstream sequence of the polyadenylation site, as demonstrated by RNase protection with an antisense RNA probe containing the sequence through the polyadenylation sites. This clearly proved that influenza virus infection inhibits the polyadenylation-site cleavage of the pre-mRNAs by the host cleavage and polyadenylation machinery. One temperature-sensitive mutant virus carrying a temperature-sensitive mutation on the NS1 gene failed to inhibit the cleavage at the nonpermissive temperature, indicating that the NS1 protein is involved in the inhibition of the pre-mRNA cleavage. This is the first report of the down-regulation of cellular mRNA maturation at the point of polyadenylation-site cleavage by virus infection and identifies a new mechanism by which the influenza virus shuts off host gene expression.
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PMID:Influenza virus inhibits cleavage of the HSP70 pre-mRNAs at the polyadenylation site. 998 87

Arsenic (As) is an environmental chemical of high concern for human health. Acute toxicity of arsenic is dependent on its chemical forms and proximity to high local arsenic concentrations is one of the mechanisms for cell death. This study was designed to define acute arsenic-induced stress-related gene expression in vivo. Mice were injected sc with either sodium arsenite [As(III), 100 micromol/kg], sodium arsenate [As(V), 300 micromol/kg], or saline. To examine stress-related gene expression, livers were removed 3 h after arsenic injection for RNA and protein extraction. The Atlas Mouse Stress/Toxicology array revealed that the expression of genes related to stress, DNA damage, and metabolism was altered by acute arsenic treatments. Expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), a hallmark for arsenic-induced stress, was increased 10-fold, along with increases in heat shock protein-60 (HSP60), DNA damage inducible protein GADD45, and the DNA excision repair protein ERCC1. Downregulation of certain cytochrome P450 enzymes occurred with arsenic treatment. Multiprobe RNase protection assay revealed the activation of the c-Jun/AP-1 transcription complex after arsenic treatments. Western blot analysis further confirmed the enhanced production of arsenic-induced stress proteins such as HO-1, HSP70, HSP90, metallothionein, the metal-responsive transcription factor MTF-1, nuclear factor kappa B and c-Jun/AP-1. Increases in caspase-1 and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 were also evident. In summary, this study profiled the gene expression pattern in mice treated with inorganic arsenicals, which adds to our understanding of acute arsenic poisoning and toxicity.
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PMID:Stress-related gene expression in mice treated with inorganic arsenicals. 1135 40

A method for detecting carbonylated proteins in two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) was developed using biotinylation and avidin-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) affinity staining. The method was used to examine oxidatively modified proteins associated with oxidative stress. Carbonyl formation in proteins was first examined in a model system by subjecting bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ribonuclease A (RNase A) to metal-catalyzed oxidation (MCO). Carbonyl group formation was found to occur at multiple sites along with a small amount of polypeptide chain cleavage. In vivo studies were conducted in yeast cell cultures using 5 mM hydrogen peroxide to induce oxidative stress. Biotinylation of yeast protein was accomplished during extraction at 4 degrees C in a lysis buffer containing 5 mM biotin-hydrazide. Biotin-hydrazide forms a Schiff base with a carbonyl group on an oxidized protein that is subsequently reduced before electrophoresis. Proteins were separated by either 2-DE or sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Biotinylated species were detected using avidin-FITC affinity staining. Detection sensitivity with biotinylated proteins was five times higher than achieved by silver staining. The limit of detection with avidin-FITC staining approached 0.64 pmol of protein-associated carbonyls. Twenty carbonylated proteins were identified in the proteome of yeast following oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) analysis of tryptic peptides was used to identify peptides extracted from gels. Aconitase, heat shock protein SSA1 and SSC1, pyruvate decarboxylase isozyme 1, pyruvate kinase 1, enolase 1 and 2, phosphoglycerate kinase, fructose-bisphosphate aldorase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were among the major targets of oxidative stress.
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PMID:Proteomic analysis of carbonylated proteins in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis using avidin-fluorescein affinity staining. 1517 56

Two antifungal peptides (designated alpha- and beta-basrubrins) with molecular masses of 4-5 kDa and distinct N-terminal sequences, and a peptide and a protein with N-terminal sequences resembling heat shock protein (hsp) and serine-threonine kinase, respectively, were isolated from seeds of the Ceylon spinach Basella rubra. The purification procedure entailed saline extraction, (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose, and FPLC-gel filtration on a Superdex peptide column. alpha- and beta-basrubrins inhibited mycelial growth in Botrytis cirerea with an IC50 value of 7.5 and 14.7 microM, respectively, Mycosphaerella arachidicola with an IC50 of 12.4 and 6.9 microM, and Fusarium oxysporum with an IC50 of 5.8 and 6.2 microM. Neither alpha-basrubrin nor beta-basrubin exhibited DNase, RNase, lectin or protease activity, indicating that their antifungal action is not due to these activities. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase was inhibited by alpha- and beta-basrubrins with an IC50 of 246 and 370 microM, respectively. Translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate was inhibited by alpha- and beta-basrubrins with an IC50 of 400 and 100 nM. The heat shock protein-like peptide and serine-threonine kinase-like protein exhibited a molecular mass of 3 and 30 kDa, respectively. They inhibited neither translation in a rabbit reticulocyte system at concentrations up to 50 microM nor HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity at concentrations up to 400 microM. They did not exert antifungal activity toward B. cinerea, M. arachidicola, and F. oxysporum when tested up to 16 microg. None of the aforementioned proteins demonstrated DNase, RNase, protease or lectin activity.
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PMID:Antifungal peptides, a heat shock protein-like peptide, and a serine-threonine kinase-like protein from Ceylon spinach seeds. 1524 82


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