Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.27.4 (ribonuclease)
6,621 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A specific binding site for somatotropin was solubilized by 1% (v/v) Triton X-100 from a crude particulate membrane fraction of pregnant rabbit liver, partially purified and characterized. The solubilized binding site retained many of the characteristics observed in the original particulate fraction, indicating that extraction of the binding site with Triton X-100 does not cause any major changes in its properties. The binding of human 125I-labelled-somatotropin to the solubilized binding site is a saturable and reversible process, depending on temperature, incubation time, pH and ionic environment. Analysis of the kinetic data revealed a finite number of binding sites with an affinity constant of 0.32 x 10(10)M-1. The binding activity for human 125I-labelled-somatotropin was adsorbed to a concanavalin-A-Sepharose column and was dissociated from the column with alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, suggesting that the binding protein may be a glycoprotein. Using affinity chromatography on concanavalin-A-Sepharose, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sepharose 6B, the binding protein was purified 1000-4000-fold from the original liver homogenate. When the partially purified preparation was chromatographed on Sepharose 6B, the binding protein eluted as a molecule with an apparent molecular weight of 200000, with a Stokes' radius of 4.9 nm. Sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation of the preparation showed that the sedimentation coefficient of the binding protein was 7.2S. Isoelectric focusing experiments revealed that a major part of the protein has an acidic pI (4.2-4.5). Exposure of the protein to trypsin decreased the binding activity for human 125I-labelled-somatotropin or bovine 125I-labelled-somatotropin, whereas ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, phospholipase C or neuraminidase had little or no effect.
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PMID:Characteristics of solubilized human-somatotropin-binding protein from the liver of pregnant rabbits. 624 70

The ability of nonionic detergents to solubilize the membrane-bound enzymes of the brush-border plasma membrane of Hymenolepis diminuta was investigated. Of the detergents tested (Triton X-100, Tween 80, Brij 35, Lubrol PX and WX, W-1, and beta-octyl-D-glucoside), only Triton was an effective solubilizing agent. Optimal solubilization was achieved by incubating an isolated fraction of the brush-border membrane in the presence of 1% Triton X-100 for 60 min at 37 C, followed by centrifugation at 100,000 g for 60 min at 25 C. This treatment resulted in solubilization of 94% of the alkaline phosphohydrolase, 91% of the phosphodiesterase and ribonuclease, and 88% of the 5'-nucleotidase activities. The pH optima for enzymes solubilized in nonionic and ionic detergents (Triton and sodium dodecyl sulfate, respectively) did not differ. Isoelectric focusing of the Triton-solubilized material demonstrated the presence of at least 14 polypeptides, a majority of which had isoelectric points below pH 7.
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PMID:Solubilization of the membrane-bound enzymes of the brush-border plasma membrane of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) using nonionic detergents. 628 6

Mammary gland polysomes are difficult to isolate from the lactating rat using methods developed for other species and tissues, most likely due to high calcium-stimulated ribonuclease activity in that tissue. A new method, utilizing ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) to bind calcium, yields highly aggregated polysomes from lactating rat mammary gland. Fresh mammary tissue is pulverized under liquid nitrogen. Free and membrane-bound polysomes are isolated by differential centrifugation in solutions containing 100 mM KCl, 100 mM MgCl2, 75 mM EGTA, 500 micrograms/ml heparin and 50 mM Tris buffer, pH 8.2 at 5 degrees C. Bound polysomes are released from the endoplasmic reticulum using Triton X-100 and deoxycholate. Polysome profiles are obtained on linear sucrose gradients and scanned at 254 nm. The method gives quantitative recovery of homogenate total RNA. To demonstrate that the method can be used to study nutritional effects on mammary gland polysome aggregation, lactating rats were fasted 22-66 h and then refed a stock diet for 71-95 h. Refeeding increased the percentage of polysomes (trimers or larger) in the bound fraction from 84 +/- 1 to 93 +/- 1% (P less than 0.001) and in the free fraction from 42 +/- 2 to 55 +/- 3% (P less than 0.001).
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PMID:A method for isolation of undegraded free and membrane-bound ribosomes from rat lactating mammary gland. 642 19

Purified and unstained nuclei were isolated from the leaves of several Gossypium species (diploid and tetraploid) by means of a citrate buffer (pH 5.0), Triton X-100 (5%), and a reducing sugar (1M glucose). DNA, previously unobtainable, was then extracted from the nuclei by conventional means. Comparisons of final DNA yield were made between three methods of purification: namely, the standardized ribonuclease procedure, hydroxyapatite chromatography and equilibrium density centrifugation in cesium chloride. The latter method produce the lowest, yet purest, yield of DNA for renaturation studies in Gossypium.
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PMID:An effective method of DNA isolation from the mature leaves of Gossypium species that contain large amounts of phenolic terpenoids and tannins. 664 18

A folate-binding protein (binder) from human choroid plexus was solubilized with Triton X-100 and partially purified in three steps: (1) affinity chromatography, (2) Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, and (3) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When the partially purified binder was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the binding activity was located in the region of the gel with a molecular weight between 45,000 and 60,000. The specific activity of the binder after the three purification steps was 1.2 mu g folic acid/mg protein, a 316-fold purification. Binding activity of the partially purified binder decreased below pH 6.0 and above pH 8.0, was unaffected by treatment with ribonuclease or deoxyribonuclease, but was abolished with trypsin, chymotrypsin, or protease (Streptomyces griesus). The binding of folic acid to the human binder was inhibited by folate Greater Than H4-folate Greater Than methyl-H4-folate approximately dihydrofolate approximately pteroic acid Greater Than methotrexate approximately aminopterin.
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PMID:Partial purification and characterization of a folate-binding protein from human choroid plexus. 727 9

Combined action of polyornithine and lecithin modified tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) virions making them sensitive to ribonuclease (RNase), pronase or Triton X-100. Sedimentational analysis and examination of the fluorescence spectrum revealed that the reaction product obtained after RNase treatments of modified TMV was a three-component complex made of coat protein, polyornithine and lecithin. The minimum requirement for the modification was completely fulfilled by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, suggesting that a positively charged nitrogen group and an alkyl group of moderate size, C10--18, are necessary components. These components react with the surface region of TMV which is considered to have an important role in connecting coat protein subunits in TMV virions.
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PMID:Modification of tobacco mosaic virus by polyornithine and lecithin. 741 96

Murine (2'-5')An-dependent RNase, a key enzyme of the interferon system, was purified from mouse spleen by affinity chromatography to immobilized (2'-5')An. Since the ribonuclease has high affinity to (2'-5')An, optimal non-denaturing conditions were obtained to disrupt the (2'-5')An-nuclease complex. Low-pH buffers in the presence of 0.1% Triton X-100 removed almost 80% of the enzyme from the (2'-5')An-agarose, preserving its (2'-5')An binding activity and RNA cleavage function. Purification was monitored using a classical radiobinding assay, ultraviolet covalent crosslinking method and denaturing-renaturing affinity blotting assay. The purified enzyme was a 160-kDa dimer that migrated with an apparent molecular mass of 78 kDa and was > 80% pure, as assessed by silver-stained SDS gels. Both a 160-kDa dimer and 78-kDa monomer were found in the cellular extract at a 5:1 ratio. Binding of radiolabeled (2'-5')An to (2'-5')An-dependent RNase either in crude extract or in purified form reached equilibrium by 5 h at 4 degrees C. 2-Mercaptoethanol was required to obtain (2-'5')An-binding activity but, interestingly, in the absence of this reducing agent, (2'-5')An-binding activity was initiated by preincubation with poly(U), a synthetic substrate of the nuclease. This new mechanistic feature indicates that interaction of poly(U) with nuclease induced a conformational modification allowing, in a second step, the binding of (2'-5')An. Furthermore, when activated by low amounts of (2'-5')An, the eluted purified enzyme degraded mRNA but there was still degradation in the absence of (2'-5')An. This suggested a loss of regulatory protein(s) during the purification step. Scatchard analysis showed that the purified enzyme had a Kd of 106 pM for (2'-5')An, similar to estimates obtained using crude spleen extracts (Kd 112 pM), indicating that the purified nuclease had almost identical (2'-5')An-binding properties to those identified in spleen extracts.
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PMID:Affinity purification and characterization of (2'-5')oligo(adenylate)-dependent RNase from mouse spleen. 805 9

The body plan of the embryo is established by a polarized source of developmental information in the oocyte. The Xenopus laevis oocyte creates polarity by anchoring mRNAs in the vegetal cortex, including Vg1 and Xwnt-11, which might function in body plan specification, and Xcat-2, which might function in germ cell development. To identify components of the RNA anchoring mechanism, we used the manually isolated vegetal cortex (IVC) to assay loss or change in spatial arrangement of mRNAs caused by disruption of cortical elements. The role of cytoskeleton in mRNA anchoring was tested by treating oocytes with inhibitors that selectively disrupted actin microfilaments and cytokeratin filaments. Treatment of oocytes with cytochalasin B caused clumping of Vg1 and Xwnt-11 as revealed by in situ hybridization of the IVC, but did not cause their release, as confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. These mRNA clumps did not match the distribution of actin microfilament clumps, but were distributed similarly to the remnant cytokeratin filaments. Treatment of oocytes with monoclonal anti-cytokeratin antibody C11 released these mRNAs from the cortex. C11 altered the texture of the cytokeratin network, but did not affect the actin meshwork. These results show that Vg1 and Xwnt-11 are retained by a cytokeratin filament-dependent mechanism, and that organization of the cytokeratin network depend on an intact actin meshwork. Colcemid did not disrupt Vg1 and Xwnt-11 retention in the IVC, so anchoring of these mRNAs are independent of microtubules. Membrane disruption in the IVC by Triton X-100 decreased Vg1 and Xwnt-11. Loss of these mRNAs was due mainly to ribonuclease activity released from membrane components. However, when ribonuclease activity was suppressed under cold temperature, a higher amount of Vg1 and Xwnt-11 was recovered in the supernatant. This result suggested that a fraction of these mRNAs required membranes to be retained in the cortex. By contrast, Xcat-2 mRNA was neither released nor degraded following treatments with cytochalasin B, C11, colcemid and Triton X-100 under cold temperature, so no cortical element could be implicated in its anchoring.
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PMID:RNA anchoring in the vegetal cortex of the Xenopus oocyte. 1130 3

Some properties of rat spleen ribonuclease have been studied, and the intracellular distribution of the enzyme and ribonucleic acid have been presented. Spleen ribonuclease exhibits maximal activity at pH 5.8, and although there is some evidence for the presence of an enzyme with an optimum at pH 7.0, it is not conclusive. The enzyme is concentrated primarily in the mitochondrial fraction, but significant quantities occur in the supernatant fluid. The latter contains ribonuclease inhibitor similar to that found in liver. The effects of whole body x-irradiation, magnesium ion, substrate concentration, type of buffer, presence of p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid, deoxycholate, and Triton X-100 on ribonuclease activity are examined.
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PMID:Intracellular localization of enzymes in spleen. II. Some properties and the distribution of ribonuclease in rat spleen. 1388 45

Tissue engineering of heart valves promises to create functional autologous tissue with the potential for regeneration and growth without the limitations of current heart valve prostheses. The appropriate valve matrix is essential. Porcine heart valves are attractive because of their anatomical similarity. Decellularization is used for antigen reduction. The efficacy of published protocols varies, however. The absence of a specific immunological or unspecific inflammatory reaction is mandatory. The porcine cell-specific alpha-Gal epitope is known to be responsible for hyperacute rejection in xenotransplantation. In tissue engineering residual alpha-Gal epitope may induce severe inflammation in humans and may lead to graft failure. In this study porcine pulmonary conduits were decellularized with Triton X-100, sodium deoxycholate, Igepal CA-630, and ribonuclease treatment and were compared with specimens of the commercially available porcine decellularized SynerGraft regarding cell removal and elimination of the alpha-Gal epitope. In addition, samples of a porcine bioprosthesis were examined for the presence of the alpha-Gal epitope. In conclusion, we describe for the first time the presence of the alpha-Gal epitope in clinically used porcine bioprostheses and the first generation of a commercial tissue-engineered heart valve. In contrast, complete cell and alpha-Gal removal was achieved by a decellularization procedure developed by our group.
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PMID:Presence and elimination of the xenoantigen gal (alpha1, 3) gal in tissue-engineered heart valves. 1614 63


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