Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.1.27.4 (ribonuclease)
6,621 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Expression of the activated neu oncogene in transgenic mice has been associated with both the synchronous (single-step) and the stochastic (multistep) transformation of the mammary epithelium. To determine the basis for these conflicting observations, additional strains of transgenic mice carrying the activated neu oncogene under the transcriptional control of the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter/enhancer were produced. Activated neu transgene expression, as measured by in situ hybridization and ribonuclease protection assays, resulted in rapid conversion of the normal mammary epithelium to malignant phenotype in three independent strains of mice. Expression of the transgene in male mice led to epithelial hyperplasia of the epididymis and male infertility but not malignancy. These results indicate that tissue context is an important parameter in malignant progression and that expression of appropriate levels of activated neu is sufficient for rapid production of mammary tumors in transgenic mice.
...
PMID:Activated neu induces rapid tumor progression. 863 5

A number of biochemical properties differ dramatically among homologues within the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily. Human pancreatic ribonuclease (hRNase) has high enzyme activity, extreme sensitivity to ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) and is non-toxic, whereas a homologous RNase from frog eggs, called onconase, has much lower enzyme activity, is not sensitive to RI and is cytotoxic to cancer cell lines and animals. To explore the structural basis of these differences among members in the RNAse family we synthesized genes for onconase, hRNase, a mutant onconase (K9Q) and onconase-hRNase N-terminal hybrids and expressed the proteins in Escherichia coli with final yields of 10 to 50 mg per liter of culture after purification. A recombinant version of onconase with an N-terminal methionine instead of the native pyroglutamyl residue had decreased cytotoxicity and enzyme activity. Cleavage of the recombinant onconase Met-1 residue, and cyclization of the Gln1 residue to reform the pyroglutamyl N terminus, reconstituted cytotoxicity and enzyme activity. Thus a unique role of the pyroglutamyl residue in the active site of amphibian RNases is indicated. Replacement of one to nine residues of onconase with the homologous residues of hRNase increased the enzymatic activity against most of the substrates tested with a simultaneous shift in the enzyme specificity from high preference for poly(U) to slight preference for poly(C). Cytotoxicity of the chimera decreased, dissociating cytotoxicity from enzymatic activity. The molecular basis for the low binding affinity of onconase for RI has been examined experimentally with the recombinant RNases and by fitting onconase and RNase A structures to the coordinates from the recently published RNase A-RI complex.
...
PMID:Role of the N terminus in RNase A homologues: differences in catalytic activity, ribonuclease inhibitor interaction and cytotoxicity. 863 81

Recombinant human ribonuclease 1 (RNase 1) was chemically linked to recombinant human epidermal growth factor (EGF). The EGF-RNase conjugate showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity for EGF receptor-overexpressing A431 and TE-8 human squamous carcinoma cells with an IC50 of 2 x 10(-7)M and 10(-6)M, respectively, whereas the IC50 of RNase alone was almost 10(-4)M. An unconjugated mixture of EGF and RNase had no greater effect than RNase alone. The conjugate showed no detectable cytotoxicity against EGF receptor-deficient small cell lung cancer cells (H69). Addition of excess EGF in the medium protected A431 cells from the EGF-RNase conjugate cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity of the EGF-RNase conjugate was positively correlated with the EGF receptor numbers of each cell line. The chimeric toxin composed of only human proteins might be a more useful anti-cancer agent with less immunogenicity than the conventional chimeric toxins.
...
PMID:Epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent cytotoxicity for human squamous carcinoma cell lines of a conjugate composed of human EGF and RNase 1. 863 16

Mammalian pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase) was conjugated chemically via a disulfide bond to human or murine epidermal growth factor (EGF). The conjugation between EGF and RNase was ascertained by SDS-PAGE using reduced and nonreduced conjugates. The EGF-RNase conjugate retained potent RNase activity and competed with 125I-EGF for binding to EGFR to the same extent as unconjugated EGF. Both the human and murine EGF-RNase conjugates showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against EGFR-overexpressing A431 human squamous carcinoma cells with IC50 values of 3 x 10(-7) M and 6 x 10(-7) M, respectively, whereas free RNase had an IC50 of 10(-4) M. Against the EGFR-deficient small-cell lung cancer cell line H69, the EGF-RNase conjugate had no cytotoxic effect. The Human EGF-RNase conjugate showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against other squamous carcinoma cell lines (TE-5, TE-1) and breast cancer cell lines (BT-20, SK-BR-3, MCF-7) and the cytotoxicity of the conjugate correlated positively with the level of expression of EGFR by each cell line. An unconjugated mixture of EGF and RNase had no greater effect than RNase alone on any cell line. Excess free EGF blocked EGF-RNase conjugate cytotoxicity against A431 cells. These results suggest that the EGF-RNase conjugate may be a more effective anticancer agent with less immunogenicity than coventional chimeric toxins.
Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1996
PMID:Epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent cytotoxic effect by an EGF-ribonuclease conjugate on human cancer cell lines--a trial for less immunogenic chimeric toxin. 867 51

Ribonucleases appear to have physiologic roles in host defense against cancer, viruses, and other parasites. Previously it was shown that select ribonucleases added to cells concurrently with virions blocked human immunodeficiency virus, type I (HIV-1) infection of H9 cells. We now report that a ribonuclease homologous to RNase A, named onconase, inhibits virus replication in chronically HIV-1-infected human cells without killing the virally infected cell. Examining the mechanism of this inhibition shows that onconase enters the infected cells and degrades HIV-1 RNA without degrading ribosomal RNA or the three different cellular messenger RNAs analyzed. The homologous human pancreatic RNase lacks anti-viral activity. Comparing recombinant forms of onconase and a onconase-human RNase chimera shows that the N-terminal 9 amino acids and the pyroglutamyl residue of onconase are required for full anti-viral activity. Thus extracellular ribonucleases can enter cells, metabolize select RNAs, and inhibit HIV virion production within viable replicating cells.
...
PMID:Inhibition of HIV-1 production and selective degradation of viral RNA by an amphibian ribonuclease. 870 32

Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) is a protein toxin composed of three structural domains which are responsible for cell binding (domain Ia, amino acids 1-252), translocation into the cytosol (domain II, amino acids 253-364) and ADP-ribosylation activity (domain III, amino acids 405-613). We have previously described (Prior, T. I., FitzGerald, D. J., and Pastan, I. (1992) Biochem. 31, 3555-3559) a molecule composed of amino acids 1-412 of PE and the extracellular ribonuclease of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, barnase (Bar), and shown that this protein (PE1-412-Bar) is toxic to cells due to its ribonuclease activity, which had been delivered to the cytosol. We have now used this model to evaluate the role played by the carboxyl end of domain II (amino acids 347-364), domain Ib, and the amino end of domain III (amino acids 405-412) in the translocation event. Toxins completely lacking domain III, termed PE1-380-Bar, or both domains Ib and III, termed PE1-364-Bar, were equally cytotoxic to a murine fibroblast cell line (L929) as was PE1-412-Bar. Extending the deletion to include part of the E-helix and all of the F-helix of domain II (amino acids 347-364) resulted in a toxin (PE1-346-Bar) that was 10-fold less toxic. Previously tested on only murine cell lines, we demonstrate that barnase toxins are cytotoxic also to a variety of human cell lines. Cytotoxicity was assessed by measuring inhibition of DNA synthesis. Surprisingly, PE1-380-Bar is not lethal when injected into mice, either intraperitoneally or intravenously, at 9 nmol, which is 2200-fold more than the amount required for killing by PE (4 pmol). In cell culture these barnase-containing toxins are 100-fold less toxic to murine fibroblast cells than PE. Barnase toxin has a greater survival time in the blood of mice than PE, with a half-life of 102 min. We conclude that domain II is sufficient to transport proteins into the cytosol. Further, since domain Ia can be replaced with other cell targeting moieties, we propose that barnase-toxins should be evaluated for utility in targeted cancer therapy.
...
PMID:Studies on the activity of barnase toxins in vitro and in vivo. 874 87

Gossypol (GP), an antifertility agent in males, is also capable of inhibiting the proliferation of a wide range of cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. Thus, in this study we investigated the effect of GP on the growth of human androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line (PC3). The results showed that GP acts as a potent inhibitor of PC3 cells as determined by thymidine incorporation assay and flow cytometric analysis. Flow cytometry revealed that treatment of PC3 cells with GP resulted in a dose- and time-dependent accumulation of cells in the GO/GI phase with a concomitant decrease in cells progressing to the S and G2/M phase. These data support our thymidine incorporation results which indicated that GP is a potent inhibitor of PC3 cells. By ribonuclease protection assay, we also investigated the effect of GP on transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) gene expression in PC3 cells. Interestingly, the stimulatory effect of GP on TGF-beta 1 gene expression correlates well with its inhibitory effect on PC3 cell DNA synthesis and its ability to arrest cells in GO/G1 phase. Based on these data, it can be concluded that GP is a potent inhibitor of prostate cancer cell growth that acts by arresting cells in GO/G1 phase and that this inhibitory effect may be mediated by TGF-beta 1.
Cancer Lett 1996 Oct 01
PMID:Inhibition of human prostate cancer cells growth by gossypol is associated with stimulation of transforming growth factor-beta. 891 64

Unlike the bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNaseA), bovine seminal ribonuclease (BS RNase) displays various biological activities, including antitumor activity, immunosuppressivity, spermatogenicity and embryotoxicity. To learn more about its antitumor effect we tested BS RNase on the growth of 16 cell lines derived from patients with various hematological malignancies. The cells of lymphoid origin were generally more susceptible to BS RNase, administered in the range of concentrations from 2 to 100 micrograms/ml, than the myeloid ones. RNaseA used at the same concentrations did not exert any inhibitory effect. The inhibitory effect of BS RNase persisted in cultured cells after three times wash in complete medium and cell recultivation in fresh medium free of BS RNase. Four cell lines were very little sensitive (KG-1 and U-937) or resistant (JOK and NAMALWA) to BS RNase regardless of their origin. The in vivo antitumor effect of BS RNase was tested on human prostate carcinoma transplanted to athymic nude mice. The daily dose of BS RNase (0.25 mg/20 g) was administered for three weeks except weekends (15 doses) by three different ways (intraperitoneally-i.p., subcutaneously-s.c. and intratumorally-i.t.). Whereas i.p. administration was ineffective, s.c. administration significantly reduced size of the tumors and i.t. administration abolished half of the tumors in treated mice. The average weight of treated mice decreased during the experiment by 10-15%.
...
PMID:Antitumor action of bovine seminal ribonuclease. 899 54

In this study, the efficacy of an anti-ras ribozyme in reversing a transformed phenotype was investigated. A murine NIH/3T3-derived cell line, designated 2-12, contains an inducible Ha-ras oncogene, which is regulated by the Escherichia coli (E. coli) lac operator/repressor system, and displays a transformed phenotype after isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside induction. To reverse the transformed characteristics, the ribozyme, which specifically targets the Ha-ras oncogene at the codon 12 mutation site (GGC to GUC), was transfected into 2-12 cells. Two (ribZ4 and ribZ7) clones were subsequently selected and analyzed for their transforming features. Our results show that, in the transfectants, ribozyme gene expression was detected, and the target Ha-ras transgene was expressed at basal levels. Their phenotypic responses, including morphology, cell growth rate, colony-formation efficiency and tumorigenicity in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency were more similar to those of NIH/3T3 than 2-12 transformed cells. Directly injecting the ribozyme DNA into tumors induced by transformed 2-12 cells in BALB/c mice also caused tumor regression. The enzymatic cleavage products of the ribozyme acting on mutant Ha-ras mRNA in vivo were detected by primer-extension analysis. These results indicate that the ribozyme were designed exhibits a site-specific ribonuclease function that effectively abrogates Ha-ras-oncogene-induced transformation, and this unique anti-Ha-ras property should shed light on the development of strategies against the Ha-ras-oncogene-initiated malignancy.
J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1997
PMID:A ribozyme specifically suppresses transformation and tumorigenicity of Ha-ras-oncogene-transformed NIH/3T3 cell lines. 903 Feb 47

Wnt genes are transforming to mouse breast epithelium and are hormonally regulated in vivo. To assess their role in another endocrine-responsive human cancer, the expression of seven Wnt genes (Wnt 2, 3, 4, 5a, 7a, 7b and 10b) in normal human endometrium and endometrial cells, and endometrial carcinoma tissues and cell lines was investigated by ribonuclease protection analysis. Wnt2, 3, 4 and 5a mRNAs but not Wnt7a, 7b or 10b mRNAs were expressed in primary culture of normal endometrial epithelial (NEE) and stromal (NES) cells. In contrast, in four endometrial carcinoma cell lines (RL95-2, HEC-1-A, AN3 CA and Ishikawa), Wnt2 and Wnt3 mRNAs were absent. Wnt4 was expressed in only one out of four cell lines (RL95-2), and Wnt5a was much lower. Wnt7a and Wnt7b mRNAs were expressed in three out of four cell lines (RL95-2, HEC-1-A and Ishikawa). Wnt10b mRNA was expressed in RL95-2 and AN3 CA. In fresh tissues, all Wnt genes apart from Wnt10b were expressed in normal endometrium and endometrial carcinoma. Similar to the cell lines, the level of Wnt4 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the normal endometrium than endometrial carcinoma. Wnt2, 3 and 5a mRNAs were also lower in endometrial carcinoma compared with normal endometrium. There was no difference in the level of Wnt2, 3, 4 and 5a mRNA expression between proliferative phase and secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, or between either menstrual phase and the first trimester of pregnancy. In vitro, progesterone and/or 17beta-oestradiol had no effect on Wnt2, 3, 4, 5a and 7b mRNA expression in NES and all endometrial carcinoma cell lines. The data indicate that all Wnt genes were expressed in vitro, six out of seven Wnt genes (Wnt 2, 3, 4, 5a, 7a and 7b) were expressed endogenously in the human endometrium, their mRNA expression was hormonally independent and Wnt4 gene down-regulation as well as down-regulation of Wnt 2, 3 and 5a may be associated with endometrial carcinoma.
Br J Cancer 1997
PMID:Expression and hormone regulation of Wnt2, 3, 4, 5a, 7a, 7b and 10b in normal human endometrium and endometrial carcinoma. 909 60


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>

---