Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.27.1 (RNase)
 16,360 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a product of the calcitonin/CGRP gene, is a potent vasodilating neuropeptide widely distributed throughout the cardiovascular system, particularly in the heart. Immunocytochemical studies have demonstrated CGRP-containing neurofibrils in the myocardium and in the periadventitia of coronary blood vessels. Based on these studies, it has been assumed that all of the CGRP peptide in the heart is synthesized in neurons whose cell bodies are located outside of the heart. Using Northern blot analysis and a ribonuclease protection assay, we observed in the rat heart low levels of a CGRP-like mRNA species that appeared to be identical to authentic CGRP mRNA produced in the brain and dorsal root ganglia. The ventricles contained somewhat more CGRP mRNA than did the atria. Also, whereas the dorsal root ganglia synthesized both alpha- and beta-CGRP mRNA, only the alpha-CGRP mRNA was detected in the heart. The presence of CGRP mRNA in the heart suggests that the CGRP gene is transcriptionally active in a subpopulation of heart cells, possibly neuronal, which have the potential to synthesize and secrete this neuropeptide. Given the potent coronary vasodilatory and positive chronotropic and inotropic effects of CGRP, the localized synthesis of CGRP in the heart may play a role in modulating cardiovascular function.
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PMID:Localization and characterization of calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA in rat heart. 145 71

Calcitonin (CT) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) are derived from preprohormones encoded by three mRNAs (CT, alpha-CGRP and beta-CGRP) from two genes (CALC1 and CALC2) on chromosome 11. Among 16 small cell lung cancer cell lines examined by RNase protection assay, 9 (56%) had detectable CT mRNA, 8 (50%) had alpha-CGRP mRNA, and 13 (81%) had beta-CGRP mRNA. At least one CALC1 transcript (CT or alpha-CGRP) was found in 11 (69%) cell lines with three having only CT mRNA, two having only alpha-CGRP mRNA, and six having both. beta-CGRP mRNA was detected in all of these 11 cell lines expressing a CALC1 transcript. Immunoreactive CT was detected by radioimmunoassay in eight of nine SCLC cell lines expressing CT mRNA, and immunoreactive CGRP was detected in 12 of 13 cell lines expressing a CGRP mRNA. The variety of expression of these three peptides in different cell lines of the same cell type should provide a useful system for further study of the control of expression of these peptides.
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PMID:Small cell lung carcinoma cell lines express mRNA for calcitonin and alpha- and beta-calcitonin gene related peptides. 801 84

Several neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) genes are expressed in chick skeletal muscle during development. One of the most abundantly expressed is alpha 7, which produces a protein capable of binding alpha-bungarotoxin and is physically distinct from muscle AChRs containing the alpha 1 gene product. We show here that the alpha 7-containing species in muscle is indistinguishable pharmacologically from alpha 7-containing AChRs in neurons. In addition, immunologic analysis with subunit-specific muscle antibodies shows that the alpha 7-containing species in muscle lacks the beta 1 and delta muscle AChR gene products as it does the alpha 1. RNase protection experiments measuring alpha 7 mRNA levels indicate that the alpha 1 and alpha 7 genes may, in part, be subject to similar kinds of regulation in the tissue. Surgical denervation of leg muscle in newly hatched chicks caused a small and transient increase in alpha 7 mRNA after 8 days, while alpha 1 transcripts underwent a large and sustained increase in number. Similarly, treating myotube cultures with tetrodotoxin caused a modest increase in alpha 7 transcript levels and a large increase in alpha 1. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) increased both kinds of transcripts in myotube cultures equally as did treatment with 8-bromo-cyclic AMP; CGRP is thought to work via a cyclic AMP-dependent pathway in muscle. In at least one respect, however, alpha 7 expression in muscle differs qualitatively from that of alpha 1: AChR-inducing activity (ARIA) increased alpha 1 mRNA levels in culture while slightly depressing alpha 7 mRNA levels. The regulatory pattern of alpha 7 expression in muscle may combine features of both alpha 7 expression in neurons and alpha 1 expression in muscle.
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PMID:Neuronal-type acetylcholine receptors and regulation of alpha 7 gene expression in vertebrate skeletal muscle. 898 64

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino acid neuropeptide, which is mainly present in primary sensory nerves. Although our previous study has shown that rat lymphocytes can synthesize beta-CGRP, there is no evidence demonstrating whether CGRP can be synthesized by human lymphocytes. In this study, the production of CGRP from human lymphocytes from spleen and blood were investigated by using CGRP-specific radioimmunoassay (RIA), and RNase protection assay (RPA). The results showed that human T lymphocyte mitogen, such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA), could time- and dose-dependently induce hCGRP secretion; rhIL-2 alone did not effect hCGRP secretion, but it could potentiate PHA-evoked hCGRP secretion from human spleen lymphocytes. RPA showed that alpha- and beta-CGRP mRNA were both constitutively expressed in unstimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PHA could cause beta-hCGRP but not alpha-hCGRP mRNA increase in a time-dependent manner. In addition, hCGRP(8-37), a CGRP(1) receptor antagonist, enhanced PHA or human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2), induced the proliferation of splenocytes and PBMC. These results suggest that hCGRP is produced and secreted by human lymphocyte. Lymphocyte mitogen can induce the elevation of beta-CGRP synthesis and secretion. The lymphocyte-derived beta-CGRP may inhibit, at least in part, lymphocytes proliferation, which are then involved in the modulation of human T lymphocyte function in response to immune stimulation.
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PMID:Production and secretion of calcitonin gene-related peptide from human lymphocytes. 1222 97

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is synthesized in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and released from primary afferent neurons to mediate hemodynamic effects and neurogenic inflammation. The effect of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1)-beta on CGRP release from these sensory neurons was investigated. The results showed that IL-1beta (1 ng/ml) could directly induce CGRP release following prolonged incubation (24 hr) with these neurons. Treatment with IL-1beta (0.1-1.0 ng/ml) significantly increased CGRP release in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, pretreatment of DRG cells with actinomycin D at 1 microM or cyclohexamide at 10 microM for 30 min inhibited 1 ng/ml IL-1beta-induced CGRP release in DRG neurons of neonatal rats. The inhibitors of PKC, JNK MAPK and NF-kappaB, but not p38 or ERK1/2 MAPK, blocked IL-1beta-induced CGRP release. RNase protection assay showed that IL-1beta could cause alpha-CGRP mRNA increase in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, although the level of beta-CGRP mRNA was not affected. These results indicate that IL-1beta may activate PKC, which in turn initiates JNK MAPK and activates NF-kappaB and finally induces alpha-CGRP gene expression and release from these sensory neurons.
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PMID:Mechanism of interleukin-1 beta-induced calcitonin gene-related peptide production from dorsal root ganglion neurons of neonatal rats. 1283 61