Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.1.27.1 (RNase)
16,360 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied the 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) of the mouse lymphocyte pore-forming protein (PFP, perforin, and cytolysin). 5' UTRs were determined by primer extension analysis, sequencing PFP cDNA clone PFP-7, ribonuclease protection assays, and amplification of poly(A)+ RNA of cytolytic T lymphocyte using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two alternatively spliced 5' UTRs, designated type I and type II, of 222 and 115 bp, respectively, were found associated with PFP. Type II is identical to type I, except for being 107 bp shorter in the second exon. This deletion was generated by the use of alternative acceptor splice sites. The mouse PFP gene (Pfp) encodes three exons, is separated by two small introns, and spans a chromosomal region of approximately 7 kb. The first exon contains 79 bp of 5' UTR, the second exon contains 143 or 36 bp of 5' UTR (type I or type II UTR, respectively) plus the NH2-terminal region of the mouse PFP, and the third exon contains the rest of the COOH-terminal mouse PFP. The organization of the mouse Pfp is similar to that of the human gene. Moreover, the 5' flanking sequence of the mouse Pfp is highly homologous to that of the human Pfp. In contrast to the human sequence, the more immediate 5' flanking sequence of mouse Pfp contains two tandem "TATA" box-related elements and a GC box, but lacks a typical CAAT box-related sequence. Several other enhancer elements were found further upstream, including cAMP-, phorbol ester-, interferon-gamma-, and UV-responsive elements, and PU box-like and NFkB binding site-like elements. In addition, we found a nuclear inhibitory protein-like element, a transcriptional silencer, and a pair of purine-rich sequence motifs that were found in other T cell-specific genes, and three repeats of GGCCTG that may be a variation of a highly repetitious GCCCTG consensus sequence found in human Pfp.
...
PMID:Structure of the mouse pore-forming protein (perforin) gene: analysis of transcription initiation site, 5' flanking sequence, and alternative splicing of 5' untranslated regions. 184 Jun 7

The second leader exon and the relative promoter of the mouse liver/bone/kidney-type alkaline phosphatase gene were identified and characterized. The transcription initiation site was determined by S1 mapping analysis. The differential expression of the two alternatively spliced transcripts was assessed in cell lines of different origin and in various tissues by polymerase chain reaction and RNase mapping analysis. The first promoter is active in embryo derived cells, whereas the second promoter is silent in basal conditions but it is activated by dibutyryl cAMP in fibroblastic cells. In the whole animal, the transcript driven by the first promoter is found in most tissues albeit at different levels, while the one driven by the second promoter is specifically expressed at high levels only in the heart.
...
PMID:Characterization of a second promoter for the mouse liver/bone/kidney-type alkaline phosphatase gene: cell and tissue specific expression. 193 Jan 80

Genomic DNA encoding the ovine insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) gene was cloned and sequenced. The predicted amino acid sequence of the mature form of ovine IGF-I was highly homologous to that of human, rat and mouse. Analysis of the DNA sequence between exons 1 and 2 suggested the existence of an alternative 5' exon (exon 1A) and this was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of sheep liver mRNA. Primer extension of mRNA from exon 1A indicated a class of transcripts which initiated at a point 32 nucleotides 5' to the Met codon of exon 1A to give a mRNA comprising exons 1A, 2, 3 and 5. In liver these transcripts co-existed with the alternative exon 1, 2, 3 and 5 mRNA form. Analysis by PCR of the 3' terminus of liver RNA indicated heterogeneity arising from multiple polyadenylation sites; however, of the two possible alternatively spliced 3' exons, only exon 5 could be detected. Expression of IGF-I mRNA, as measured by a solution hybridization/RNase protection assay, predominated in the liver of the neonate and the late-gestation fetus; however, lower levels of expression were seen in multiple tissues throughout fetal and neonatal development.
...
PMID:The ovine insulin-like growth factor-I gene: characterization, expression and identification of a putative promoter. 201 53

The parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHRP) was initially isolated from tumors associated with the syndrome of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. The human PTHRP gene is a complex transcriptional unit which uses multiple promoters and contains alternatively spliced 3' exons that result in mRNAs encoding three different deduced products. We report here the structure of the mouse PTHRP gene. The mouse gene has a considerably simpler organization than its human counterpart. This organization includes a single 3' exon and an apparent single 3' splicing pathway, leading to an mRNA encoding a 139-amino acid mature PTHRP. In addition, the mouse gene appears to be predominantly under the control of a short proximal promoter element. By RNase protection analysis, we identified PTHRP mRNA in specimens prepared from a variety of normal rodent tissues, including a number of tissues not previously recognized as sites of PTHRP gene expression.
...
PMID:Structure of the mouse gene encoding parathyroid hormone-related peptide. 224 78

To determine the pattern of alternative splicing at the 5' end of class I genes, the 3' splice sites bordering exon 2 of the H-2Dd and H-2Kd genes were mutated from AG to GG (H-2Dd) or CG (H-2Kd). The mutant genes were transfected into L cells, and RNA from clones expressing these Ag was used for analysis by RNase and S1 nuclease mapping techniques. The first intervening sequence of both class I genes contains several potential 3' splice acceptor sites. However, a clear preference for only one site was detected in each of the H-2Dd and H-2Kd mRNA. Examination of the endogenous H-Dd and H-2Kd class I transcripts in normal murine tissues and in tumors demonstrated that the alternatively spliced mRNAs were produced, but at a low frequency. Infection of transfected L cells or tumor lines with vesicular stomatitis virus altered the level of differentially spliced message in these cells.
...
PMID:Mutation of 3' splice sites in two different class I genes results in different usage of cryptic splice sites. 254 75

To study the interaction of splicing factors with the simian virus 40 early-region pre-RNA, which can be alternatively spliced to produce large T and small t mRNAs, we used an in vitro RNase protection assay that defines the 5' boundaries of factor-RNA interactions. Protection products reflecting factor interactions with the large T and small t 5' splice sites and with the multiple lariat branch site region were characterized. All protection products were detected very early in the splicing reaction, before the appearance of spliced RNAs. However, protection of the large T 5' splice site was detected well before small t 5' splice site and branch site protection products, which appeared simultaneously. Oligonucleotide-targeted degradation of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) revealed that protection of the branch site region, which occurred at multiple sites, required intact U2 snRNA and was enhanced by U1 snRNA, while protection of the large T and small t 5' splice sites required both U1 and U2 snRNAs. Analysis of several pre-RNAs containing mutations in the branch site region suggests that factor interactions involving the multiple copies of the branch site consensus determine the selection of branch points, which is an important factor in the selection of alternative splicing pathways.
...
PMID:Factor interactions with the simian virus 40 early pre-mRNA influence branch site selection and alternative splicing. 254 57

A PTH-related peptide (PTHRP) has been identified and its cDNA cloned from human tumors associated with the syndrome of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. The human PTHRP gene has been recently isolated and found to be a complex transcriptional unit using multiple promoters and containing alternatively spliced 3' exons which result in three mRNA classes, each class encoding a PTHRP with a unique carboxy-terminus. The PTHRP gene appears to be expressed in a number of normal tissues, and PTHRP transcripts have been previously reported to be overexpressed in a small sample of human parathyroid adenomas. In the present study we surveyed RNA prepared from a total of 60 abnormal human parathyroid glands for PTHRP gene expression using a combination of Northern blotting and RNase protection techniques. Apparent overexpression of PTHRP mRNA was observed in two thirds of parathyroid adenomas, whereas no overexpression was found in 7 examples of sporadic primary hyperplasia, 5 examples of secondary hyperplasia, and 3 examples of parathyroid carcinoma. Apparent overexpression was also observed in 1 of 4 cases of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, 1 of 2 examples of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, and 1 gland considered to represent tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Northern analysis of poly(A)+ RNA prepared from three representative adenomas using region-specific probes indicated that two putative promoters are used and revealed a pattern of preferential splicing of transcripts to include the most distal 3' exon. These findings suggest that the PTHRP gene is commonly overexpressed in adenomatous parathyroid glands, but not in sporadic primary hyperplasia, that this overexpression does not seem to be dependent on the use of a single specific promoter, and that adenomatous parathyroid cells appear to preferentially use one of several alternative splicing pathways. It is presently not known whether PTHRP is secreted by abnormal parathyroid tissues and, if so, in what form.
...
PMID:Expression of transcripts encoding a parathyroid hormone-related peptide in abnormal human parathyroid tissues. 257 15

The primary gene transcript for the adhesive extracellular matrix glycoprotein fibronectin (FN) is alternatively spliced in three regions (EIIIA, EIIIB and V). At least one of these regions (V) has been shown to encode cell-binding sites, suggesting that splicing represents a mechanism to create functionally different forms of FN at different times and places. In order to test this hypothesis, we have examined the extent of alternative splicing of fibronectin during embryonic development. The distribution of the different spliced forms of FN mRNA in developing chicken embryos was determined using probes specific for the spliced regions in ribonuclease protection and in situ hybridization experiments. At embryonic day 2-4 (E2-4), all three spliced regions were included wherever FN mRNA was detected. At E16, however, we found spatially distinct splicing differences within the embryo, with cell-type-specific splicing excluding EIIIA and/or EIIIB in some tissues. In contrast, we did not detect exclusion of the V region. In a more detailed developmental study of the simplest of these tissues, the chorioallantoic membrane, we found that EIIIB was preferentially excluded after the completion of growth. These results suggest that FN splicing is used during development as a mechanism to create different forms of FN within the extracellular matrix by the inclusion or exclusion of specific segments. The data are consistent with an essential role for one of these segments, EIIIB, in the migration and/or proliferation of embryonic cells prior to their terminal differentiation and also suggest possible roles for the EIIIA segment.
...
PMID:Alternative splicing of fibronectin is temporally and spatially regulated in the chicken embryo. 259 21

The cardiac L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC) is a critical component of cardiac action potential and excitation-contraction coupling. The objective of the present study was to examine the changes in expression in Motif IV, an alternatively spliced region of the alpha-1 subunit of the VDCC channel in postmyocardial infarction (MI) remodeled rat left ventricle. RNase protection assay was used to determine alteration in isoform expression in the noninfarcted hypertrophied ventricular myocardium 21 days post myocardial infarction. Our study demonstrates that cardiac hypertrophy is associated with significant increase in the mRNA level of the fetal isoform, with the reversion of fetal:adult isoform ratio to the fetal phenotype. Changes in isoform expression in the post-MI remodeled ventricle, not previously reported, is a pertinent genetic marker of cardiac hypertrophy.
...
PMID:Reemergence of the fetal pattern of L-type calcium channel gene expression in non infarcted myocardium during left ventricular remodeling. 748 9

Complementary DNA (cDNA) clones encoding the LH receptor (LHR) were recently isolated from pig, rat, mouse, and human testes or ovaries. Many of the LHR cDNAs isolated from these species encoded incomplete and, therefore, possibly inactive forms of the LHR. The four major incomplete cDNAs, designated B, C, D, and E, were due to alternative splicing of the full-length cDNA, designated the A form. Northern analyses of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding LHR in these species and in sheep revealed multiple mRNA species in ovarian tissue, but were unable to distinguish between the full-length (functional) form and the splice variants. We have used reverse transcription of mRNA, amplification via the polymerase chain reaction, and cDNA sequencing to determine which alternatively spliced mRNA species were present in ovine ovarian follicles and corpora lutea, and ribonuclease protection assays to confirm these results and determine the relative abundance of these splice variants. Ovine LHR cDNAs of the full-length A form, B form, and two novel splice forms, designated F and G, were isolated and sequenced. By using LHR cDNAs that spanned the regions of the gene in which the majority of splicing variation occurred, ribonuclease-protected fragments of different sizes were generated depending on which mRNA species (A-G) were present. It is estimated that the ratios of the steady state mRNA levels of the splice variant B form/full-length A form/G form/F form were 5-3.5:1:1:0.3. The E, C, and D forms were not detected, even when using the sensitive method of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the latter two forms. The overall level of expression of LHR mRNA was greater in corpora lutea than follicles, but the relative abundance of the splice variants was similar in follicles and corpora lutea.
...
PMID:Characterization and relative abundance of alternatively spliced luteinizing hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the ovine ovary. 751 89


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>

---