Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.26.9 (ribonuclease)
6,589 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infusion of cycloheximide i.v., an antibiotic known to inhibit synthesis of protein, at a rate of 0.2 mg/kg/hr, reliably caused lysis of fever in 15 chronically febrile patients with Hodgkin's disease who did not have detectable bacterial, fungal, or viral infection. Antipyretic effects were also seen in some patients with reticulum cell sarcoma, lymphosarcoma, acute leukemia, histiocytic medullary reticulosis, plasma cell myeloma, carcinoma of the lung, and carcinoma of the cervix. The drug failed to produce defervescence in four patients with normal granulocyte reserves, who were febrile due to bacterial infection. When infused at a rate of 0.2 mg/kg/hr, the drug apparently caused an acute alteration of protein metabolism in man in that plasma amino acid nitrogen rose acutely while plasma levels of muramidase and ribonuclease fell during the period of the infusion. The data suggest that continuing synthesis of protein may be involved in nonbacterial fever of neoplastic disease. Mammalian granulocytes and monocytes are known to elaborate a pyrogenic protein following appropriate stimulation; it is suggested that in some types of neoplastic disease, particularly Hodgkin's disease, tumor cells may produce and release a pyrogenic protein and that drug-induced inhibition of its synthesis is responsible for the observed lysis of fever.
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PMID:Antipyretic effect of cycloheximide, and inhibitor of protein synthesis, in patients with Hodgkin's disease or other malignant neoplasms. 109 49

The presence, in granulocytes, of high levels of nuclease activity makes it difficult to isolate intact RNA from these cells. We have developed a method that allows purification of functional RNA from normal granulocytes as determined by capability for reverse transcription and in vitro translation. We have shown that a considerable amount of ribonuclease activity remains in granulocyte lysates, even after the addition of heparin or vanadyl ribonucleoside complexes. RNA isolated from such lysates demonstrates only minimal binding to oligothymidylic-cellulose and does not serve as a template for reverse transcription or in vitro translation. However, the extraction of frozen granulocytes into phenol in the presence of both heparin and vanadyl ribonucleoside allows the purification of relatively large quantities of RNA, which serves as an excellent template for reverse transcription and in vitro translation. Purification of granulocyte RNA by this method will facilitate study of granulocyte gene expression.
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PMID:Purification of functional RNA from human granulocytes. 257 34

Distribution of ribonuclease (RNAase), acid phosphatase (acid Ph-ase) and beta glucuronidase (BGU) between the granule, cytosol-soluble and post-granule fractions in normal human granulocytes and in granulocytes of chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) was studied. CGL granulocytes were found to display relative RNAase activity 1.2 times higher, relative acid Ph-ase activity 2.5 times higher than normal granulocytes. The granule fraction of CGL granulocytes showed 1.4 times higher relative RNAase activity but 0.87 times lower acid Ph-ase activity and the same BGU activity as normal granulocytes. On the other hand, the supernatant soluble fraction of CGL granulocytes showed 4.4 times higher relative RNAase activity, 1.2 times higher relative acid Ph-ase activity and BGU 2.2 times higher than in cytosol soluble fraction of normal granulocytes. Thus, cytosol soluble fraction of CGL granulocytes show a relative activity of the lysosomal enzymes studied which is remarkably higher than in normal granulocytes. The percentage distribution of RNAase, acid Ph-ase and BGU showed that CGL granulocytes contain only 36% of total RNAase activity versus 46% of that in normal ones. On the other hand, CGL granulocytes in cytosol soluble fraction will contain 48% of total RNAase versus 29% of total RNAase in cytosol of normal granulocytes. The isoenzyme profiles of RNAase of granule fractions were similar in normal and CGL granulocytes, while the RNAase isoenzyme profiles of cytosol fractions were different for normal and CGL granulocytes, indicating that some essential part of CGL granulocyte cytosol RNAase differs from RNAase contained in granules and in cytosol of normal granulocytes.
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PMID:Differences in distribution of ribonuclease isoenzymes in cytosol and granules in normal human granulocytes and in granulocytes of patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL). 620 Mar 92

Acid-acting (pH 6-7) (presumably lysosomal) ribonuclease and neutral-acting (pH 7-8) calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 (presumably the enzyme releasing arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids) were demonstrated by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical technique in rabbit professional phagocytes: pulmonary alveolar macrophages (AM), oil-induced peritoneal exudate macrophages (M phi) and glycogen-induced peritoneal exudate polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN). All three cell types stained positively with antisera to purified rabbit lung RNase and purified rabbit granulocyte phospholipase A2. The RNase and phospholipase A2 were also demonstrated by the PAP technique in the activated macrophages and granulocytes present in tissue sections of tuberculous (BCG) lesions. The intensity of staining of these two enzymes in individual macrophages did not change appreciably as the BCG lesions developed and regressed, but there were more macrophages rich in both enzymes when the lesions reached their peak size at 21 days. When the anti-RNase serum was fractionated by immunoabsorbent chromatography, the anti-delta RNase serum fraction stained exudate M phi and PMN better than AM; and the anti-beta RNase fraction stained AM better than M phi and PMN. Similar to isolated phagocytes, tissue granulocytes stained best with the anti-delta fraction; and activated tissue macrophages stained best with the anti-beta fraction. Thus, macrophages and granulocytes contain two types of RNase, beta and delta; and the beta RNase is associated with macrophage activation.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical demonstration of rabbit ribonuclease and phospholipase A2 by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique in professional phagocytes (pulmonary alveolar macrophages and granulocytic and mononuclear peritoneal exudate cells) and in glycol methacrylate sections of dermal tuberculous (BCG) lesions. 636 Dec 53

The activities of serum acid ribonuclease (RNase) were determined in patients with malignant neoplasm or with renal failure. The levels were markedly increased in myelogenous leukemia and renal failure, and only slightly increased in solid cancers, lymphoid malignancies and multiple myeloma. These increases correlated significantly with serum LDH activity in myelogenous leukemia and with creatinine levels in other malignancies or renal failure. The acid RNase content of granulocytes was 22.7-fold higher than that of lymphocytes. The increase of serum acid RNase may suggest an increased granulocyte destruction in myelogenous leukemia and a reduced glomerular filtration in other malignant neoplasms and renal failure.
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PMID:Activities of serum acid ribonuclease in patients with malignant neoplasms or with renal failure. 658 Sep 78

The cooperation of specific and nonspecific factors of humoral immunity in the regulation of granulocyte locomotion was studied. Bacterial antigens of dental plaque, immunoglobulins, lysozyme, peroxidase, ribonuclease and trypsin were found to moderately stimulate chemotaxis and granulocyte chemokinesis. Of these, the most pronounced chemotactic effect is induced by ribonuclease and chemokinetic one by lysozyme. The strongest chemotactic stimulus is generated during activation of complement by the classical pathway. Production of the complement chemotactic factor by the classical pathway was dramatically increased by lysozyme and decreased by ribonuclease and trypsin. The treatment of granulocytes with antimicrobial enzymes diminishes their susceptibility to the chemotactic factor.
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PMID:[Cooperation of antigens, immunoglobulins, complement and antimicrobial enzymes in the regulation of blood granulocyte locomotion]. 737 68

The expression of neurotrophin and neurotrophin receptor mRNAs in human granulocytes and bone marrow cells was examined using ribonuclease protection assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The granulocytes expressed mRNA coding for nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), but not neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). Moreover, the inflammatory mediator leukotriene B4 (LTB4) up-regulated the expression of NT-4 mRNA in granulocytes, but did not affect the expression of other neurotrophin mRNAs. Granulocytes generally lacked expression of mRNA coding for neurotrophin receptors. In contrast, human bone marrow cells consistently expressed mRNA for trkB (the BDNF and NT-4 receptor) and displayed variable expression of mRNA coding for trkA (the tyrosine kinase NGF receptor) and LNGFR (the low-affinity NGF receptor), whereas mRNA for trkC (the NT-3 receptor) was not expressed. Contrary to granulocytes, normal bone marrow cells generally expressed only low levels of mRNA encoding BDNF and NT-4. Expression of mRNA encoding NGF and NT-3 was not detected. However, significantly increased expression of BDNF mRNA was observed when bone marrow cells from patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) were analyzed. The results suggest that neurotrophins may act as granulocyte-derived effector molecules and that human bone marrow cells may be targets for these compounds, in particular BDNF and NT-4.
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PMID:Expression of mRNA encoding neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors in human granulocytes and bone marrow cells--enhanced neurotrophin-4 expression induced by LTB4. 971 63

We examined the potential of several epithelial-derived factors to enhance neutrophil activation and survival. Neutrophils incubated in the presence of supernatants from nasal-derived primary epithelial cultures had significantly increased survival compared with neutrophils cultured in media alone. Of the cytokines reported to enhance neutrophil survival, transcripts for interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (but not interferon-gamma or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF]) were detected by ribonuclease protection assay in basal and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha- stimulated epithelial cells. Of the eicosanoid products that enhance neutrophil survival, platelet-activating factor and leukotriene B(4) were not detected in the supernatants, whereas prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) was produced in modest amounts. The levels of IL-6, GM-CSF, and PGE(2) in epithelial supernatants were significantly increased after transient TNF-alpha stimulation. This induction was suppressed if dexamethasone (Dex) was added during TNF-alpha stimulation. Only IL-6, GM-CSF, and PGE(2) promoted neutrophil survival over the range of concentrations detected in the supernatants, and a combination of neutralizing antibodies to GM-CSF and IL-6 completely inhibited the enhanced neutrophil survival in epithelial supernatants. Both the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling technique and morphologic scoring of apoptotic neutrophils confirmed that epithelial supernatants, as well as purified IL-6, GM-CSF, and PGE(2) all delayed neutrophil apoptosis. Finally, the effects of Dex on neutrophil survival and on epithelial cytokine production were investigated. Dex independently prolonged neutrophil survival but suppressed epithelial production of survival-enhancing factors in a dose-dependent manner. The net effect of Dex appeared to favor neutrophil survival.
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PMID:Multiple epithelial cell-derived factors enhance neutrophil survival. Regulation by glucocorticoids and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. 1042 10

Several methods have been developed to quantify cytokines and chemokines in biological fluids and tissue culture samples, including bioassays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), intracellular staining, ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, each of these techniques possesses one or more significant limitations. Here, we describe a new multiplexed assay, using the FlowMetrix system, that can quantify multiple cytokines simultaneously in a small sample volume. This assay was found to be more accurate, sensitive and reproducible than the conventional microtitre ELISA procedure. Furthermore, the time and cost involved are comparable to, or less than, the ELISA. A key feature of the FlowMetrix assay is its ability to multiplex: here, we show that this assay can accurately quantitate 15 cytokines in a 100 microl sample volume while the same analysis by ELISA requires 1.5 ml (100 microl for each cytokine assay). By using this Flow Metrix assay, we could demonstrate that only T helper 1 (T(H)1)-deviated cells produce detectable levels of interleukin (IL)-2, while only T(H)2-deviated cells produce significant amounts of IL-4. Six other cytokines were produced by both T cell subsets, with the T(H)1 population producing more IL-3, granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interferon (IFN)-gamma, and the T(H)2 population producing more IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13. Seven other cytokines were not produced in detectable amounts. This assay should prove to be a powerful tool in the quantitation of cytokines, or any other soluble product for which antibody pairs are available. It will also provide a more complete picture of the plethora of cytokines secreted during an immune response.
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PMID:Simultaneous quantitation of 15 cytokines using a multiplexed flow cytometric assay. 1048 53

The endothelium is frequently exposed to many proinflammatory mediators. The present study was done to determine the effects of human recombinant myeloperoxidase (MPO) and porcine eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) on certain endothelial cell (HUVEC) functions. The following areas were evaluated: (1) production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), (2) cytokine secretion, and (3) regulation of mRNA cytokine transcripts. Both MPO and EPO induced the production of ROI, but an enzymatically inactive form of MPO (iMPO) was the most effective. Enzymatically inactive MPO, but not MPO, induced the secretion of interleukins 6 and 8 and granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor. A ribonuclease protection assay indicated that both iMPO and MPO upregulated mRNA cytokine transcripts; however, the former was markedly more effective. The simultaneous addition of EPO and iMPO resulted in a decrease in cytokine-specific mRNA. These data indicate a major role for peroxidases in the regulation of inflammation.
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PMID:The endothelium and cytokine secretion: the role of peroxidases as immunoregulators. 1087 3


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