Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.26.9 (ribonuclease)
 6,589 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Retinoblastoma (RB) is a malignant tumor of developing retina that arises when abnormalities resulting in loss of function affect both alleles of the gene at the retinoblastoma locus (RB1) on chromosome 13q. The majority of RB tumors do not show gross alterations in a 4.7-kb fragment (4.7R), which is a candidate RB1 gene. To search for more subtle mutations, the ribonuclease protection method was used to analyze 4.7R messenger RNA from RB tumors. Five of 11 RB tumors, which exhibit normal 4.7R DNA and normal-sized RNA transcripts, showed abnormal ribonuclease cleavage patterns. Three of the five mutations affected the same region of the messenger RNA, consistent with an effect on splicing involving an as yet unidentified 5' exon. The high frequency of mutations in 4.7R supports the identification of 4.7R as the RB1 gene. However, the unusual nature of some of the abnormalities of 4.7 R alleles indicates that the accepted sequence of genetic events involved in the genesis of RB may require reevaluation.
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PMID:Identification of germline and somatic mutations affecting the retinoblastoma gene. 317 21

Onconase (Ranpirnase), a novel ribonuclease isolated from Rana pipiens oocytes, was reported to suppress cancer cell growth in vitro, reduce tumor size in animals, and augment cytotoxicity of several chemotherapeutic agents. Since onconase is currently in phase III clinical trials tested in treatment of mesothelioma, much emphasis has been placed on the mechanism of its anti-tumor activity. Previous studies have shown that onconase-responsive cells become arrested at the G1/S checkpoint of the cell cycle and also undergo apoptosis. A proposed mechanism for these effects is that the enzymatic activity of onconase targets cellular RNAs, in particular tRNA, with an accompanying inhibition of protein synthesis. In the present study, we have investigated the time- and dose-dependent effects of onconase on growth of Jurkat SN acute T-lymphocytic leukemia cells. Significant suppression of cell proliferation became evident after 72 and 96 h of treatment, and was most pronounced at the highest concentration (10 microg/ml; 8.3x10(-7) M) of onconase. This reduction of cell proliferation, however, was not accompanied by measurable changes in distribution of cells at different phases of the cell cycle, but was paralleled by the induction of apoptosis, as assayed by flow cytometry, and with a modest decrease in the expression of a cell cycle regulatory retinoblastoma protein (Rb). Further biochemical analysis revealed that growth suppression was closely coordinated with a down-regulation in the steady state and subcellular distribution of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor known to be functionally associated with cell survival. The reduction in expression of NF-kappaB by onconase appeared to coincide or even precede growth suppression, suggesting a causal relationship. To further test the hypothesis that cellular localization and expression of NF-kappaB may be critical to cellular response to onconase, we also studied the growth effects of onconase in Jurkat-BalphaM cells, which, unlike the parent SN T cells, contain a stably transfected dominant-negative IkappaB gene. Growth suppression by onconase in BalphaM cells was more pronounced and occurred earlier compared to SN cells, although still did not affect changes in cell cycle phase distribution. Contrary to expectation, however, diminution in NF-kappaB expression by onconase was even more pronounced in BalphaM cells, suggesting that this transcription factor, while presumably prevented from dissociation from its inhibitory protein IkappaB in these cells, is even more efficiently targeted for degradation by onconase. These results implicate NF-kappaB and its turnover as important determinants in the anti-proliferative/apoptotic effects of onconase in acute T-lymphocytic leukemia cells.
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PMID:Treatment of Jurkat acute T-lymphocytic leukemia cells by onconase (Ranpirnase) is accompanied by an altered nucleocytoplasmic distribution and reduced expression of transcription factor NF-kappaB. 1554 13

In vitro expansion of chondrocytes for tissue-engineering applications is limited by forms of growth arrest known as quiescence and replicative senescence. At the molecular level cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) are involved in mediating growth arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Using ribonuclease protection assays and immunocytochemical staining methods, we quantitatively analyzed expression profiles of G1 cell cycle inhibitors at the mRNA and protein levels. These inhibitors included the CDKIs of the CIP/KIP family (p21CIP1 p27KIP1, and p57KIP2) and the INK4 family (p15INK4b, p16INK4a, p18INK4c, and p19INK4d) as well as the retinoblastoma protein-family (pRb, p107, and p130) and the tumor suppressor p53. Analysis was carried out in proliferating, quiescent, and senescent states of primary cultures of adult human nasoseptal chondrocytes. The most pronounced effect (p < 0.0001) between cultures in proliferation and cultures in growth arrest was an increased expression of the CDKIs p57KIP2 and p15INK4b for quiescent growth arrest, and of p16INK4a, p15INK4b, and p57KIP2 for senescent growth arrest. Thus, these cell cycle inhibitors represent potential candidates for selective intervention to promote cellular multiplication of chondrocytes undergoing in vitro expansion for tissue-engineering applications. Possible methods of modulation include the targeted elimination of specifically identified cell cycle inhibitors by antisense technologies.
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PMID:In vitro expansion of human nasoseptal chondrocytes reveals distinct expression profiles of G1 cell cycle inhibitors for replicative, quiescent, and senescent culture stages. 1573 62