Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.26.9 (ribonuclease)
 6,589 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We describe the cloning of a full length cDNA encoding the mouse mammalian achaete-scute homolog 1 (mouse MASH1). Using a ribonuclease protection assay to examine expression of this gene in cell lines, postimplantation embryos and adult tissues, expression was detected between days 10.5 and 16.5 of gestation and in adult brain. No expression was detected in other adult tissues or in most of the cell lines examined. However, differentiation of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells into neuronal cell types by exposure to retinoic acid resulted in the induction of MASH1 RNA expression.
 ...
PMID:Cloning, sequencing and expression of the mouse mammalian achaete-scute homolog 1 (MASH1). 842 59

Dual promoters were identified in the mouse kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) gene. The distal promoter was located in the 5'-upstream region of exon 1 and the proximal promoter was located in the first intron of this gene. The transcription initiation site of the proximal promoter was mapped to the -93rd nucleotide position from the ATG codon in a primer extension experiment. The expression of KOR mRNAs transcribed from these two promoters in mouse central nervous system and an embryonal carcinoma cell line P19 was confirmed in a ribonuclease protection assay. In non-neuronal tissues, only the transcripts initiated from the distal promoter were detected. The biological activities of these two promoters were determined in transient transfection of P19 cells with a series of reporters, each truncated at various 5'-upstream regions. It was concluded that the distal promoter was located between nucleotide positions -990 and -570, and the proximal promoter was located between nucleotide positions -330 and -93, relative to the translation initiation codon. The presence of dual promoters in the KOR gene suggested potential regulation of KOR expression by using different promoters.
 ...
PMID:Studies of dual promoters of mouse kappa-opioid receptor gene. 928 3

Differentiated P19 cells naturally express N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and serve as a good in vitro model system with which to study NMDA receptor regulation. Here we examined expression of NR1 mRNA binding trans-acting proteins and NR1 splice variants in P19 cells. After exposure to retinoic acid, P19 cells were differentiated for 2, 4, 6, and 8 days in vitro (DIV). Total RNA and protein extracts from differentiated P19 cells were utilized to examine NR1 and NR2B expression. A steady increase in NR1 and NR2B mRNA and protein levels was observed with respect to days of differentiation. NR2B mRNA was detected within 2 DIV. However, NR2B protein appeared only at 4 DIV. By contrast, minimal expression of NR1 mRNA could be detected in undifferentiated P19 cells, whereas NR1 protein was detected at 4 DIV. RT-PCR analysis identified expression of four of eight full-length NR1 splice variants, similar to the expression pattern seen in fetal cortical neurons (FCN). These data were confirmed by ribonuclease protection assays. RNA gel shift assays and Northwestern analysis revealed the expression of NR1 mRNA binding trans-acting proteins in P19 neurons comparable to those expressed in FCN. RNA super gel shift assays confirmed the presence of the NR1 mRNA binding trans-acting protein GIIbeta in the NR1-3'UTR-P19 protein complex. Levels of GIIbeta polypeptide increased with increase in days of differentiation. Taken together, our data demonstrate that differentiated P19 cells are comparable to FCN and hence provide an excellent in vitro model for studying NR1 mRNA regulation at the posttranscriptional level.
 ...
PMID:Differentiated P19 cells express N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 mRNA binding trans-acting proteins and four N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 splice variants comparable to those in cultured fetal cortical neurons. 1915 58

In Arabidopsis, micro (mi)RNAs and trans-acting (ta-si)RNAs synthesized directly or indirectly through the DICER-LIKE-1 (DCL1) ribonuclease have roles in patterning and hormonal responses, while DCL2,3,4-dependent small-interfering (si)RNAs are mainly involved in silencing of transposable elements and antiviral defense. Viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) produced by phytoviruses to counter plant defense may perturb plant developmental programs because of the collision of their inhibitory effects with the regulatory action of endogenous miRNAs and ta-siRNAs. This could explain the similar developmental aberrations displayed by Arabidopsis miRNA/ta-siRNA pathway mutants, including dcl1, and by some VSR-expressing plants. Nonetheless, the molecular bases for these morphological aberrations have remained mysterious, and their contribution to viral disease symptoms/virulence unexplored. The extent of VSR inhibitory actions to other types of endogenous small RNAs remains also unclear. Here, we present an in-depth analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis expressing constitutively HcPro, P19 and P15, three unrelated VSRs. We show that VSR expression has comparable, yet modest effects on known miRNA and ta-siRNA target RNA levels, similar to those observed using an hypomorphic dcl1 mutation. However, by combining results of transcriptome studies with deep-sequencing data from immuno-precipitated small RNAs, additional, novel endogenous targets of miRNA and ta-siRNA were identified, unraveling an unsuspected complexity in the origin and scope-of-action of these molecules. Other stringent analyses pinpointed misregulation of the miR167 target AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 8 (ARF8) as a major cause for the developmental aberrations exhibited by VSR transgenic plants, but also for the phenotypes induced during normal viral infection caused by the HcPro-encoding Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Neither RNA silencing, its suppression by VSRs, nor the virulence/accumulation of TuMV was altered by mutations in ARF8. These findings have important implications for our understanding of viral disease symptoms and small RNA-directed regulation of plant growth/development.
 ...
PMID:Misregulation of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 8 underlies the developmental abnormalities caused by three distinct viral silencing suppressors in Arabidopsis. 2714 83

Altered RNA processing is an underlying mechanism of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Missense mutations in a number of genes involved in RNA function and metabolisms are associated with ALS. Among these genes is angiogenin (ANG), the fifth member of the vertebrate-specific, secreted ribonuclease superfamily. ANG is an angiogenic ribonuclease, and both its angiogenic and ribonucleolytic activities are important for motor neuron health. Ribonuclease 4 (RNASE4), the fourth member of this superfamily, shares the same promoters with ANG and is co-expressed with ANG. However, the biological role of RNASE4 is unknown. To determine whether RNASE4 is involved in ALS pathogenesis, we sequenced the coding region of RNASE4 in ALS and control subjects and characterized the angiogenic, neurogenic, and neuroprotective activities of RNASE4 protein. We identified an allelic association of SNP rs3748338 with ALS and demonstrated that RNASE4 protein is able to induce angiogenesis in in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays. RNASE4 also induces neural differentiation of P19 mouse embryonal carcinoma cells and mouse embryonic stem cells. Moreover, RNASE4 not only stimulates the formation of neurofilaments from mouse embryonic cortical neurons, but also protects hypothermia-induced degeneration. Importantly, systemic treatment with RNASE4 protein slowed weight loss and enhanced neuromuscular function of SOD1 (G93A) mice.
 ...
PMID:Ribonuclease 4 protects neuron degeneration by promoting angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and neuronal survival under stress. 2314 60

The rnpB gene encodes for the RNA subunit of the catalytic ribonuclease RNase P and is present in all bacteria and has both conserved and highly variable sequence regions. Determination of rnpB in 35 Mycobacterium spp. showed species specific sequences for all species except the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (four species). High sequence variation was seen in the P3, P15 and P19 regions of suggested secondary structures of the corresponding RNase P RNA molecules. Phylogenetic analysis showed that rnpB gave similar tree topologies as 16S rRNA and hsp65 genes. A combined analysis of the three genes increased the number of nodes with significant support from 10 to 19. The results indicate that rnpB is useful for phylogenetic studies and is a possible target for identification and detection of Mycobacterium spp.
...
PMID:Differentiation and phylogenetic relationships in Mycobacterium spp with special reference to the RNase P RNA gene rnpB. 2496 95