Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.26.4 (RNase H)
 2,751 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An RNA template/DNA primer (T/P) complex derived from the env gene of HIV-1 was used to examine the kinetic effects of specific basepair substitutions on dNTP incorporation and RNase H cleavage by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Single basepair substitutions 2 or 6 nucleotides upstream from a defined polymerization site (denoted -2 and -6) were engineered by oligonucleotide synthesis to provide 7 T/P substrates for kinetic analysis. A -6 A/T substitution in the wild type sequence resulted in 14- and 7-fold increases in the apparent second order rate constants (k(2app)) for U/A and U/G basepair formation. The k(2app) for U/A formation was relatively unchanged for all other T/P basepair changes. The -6A/T substitution also uniquely lowered the RNase H cleavage rate by 3-fold. Combined kinetic and thermodynamic analyses indicated that these effects were due almost exclusively to increases in the KD (k(off)/k(on)) of initial binding of RT to the T/P and the rate of product release. The data suggest that certain sequence contexts may influence RT fidelity by modulating enzyme binding/dissociation rather than by altering dNTP binding affinity or the rate of the bond forming step.
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PMID:Nucleotide sequence context influences HIV replication fidelity by modulating reverse transcriptase binding and product release. 2010 67

Ty3/Gypsy long terminals repeat (LTR) retrotransposons are structurally and phylogenetically close to retroviruses. Two notable structural differences between these groups of genetic elements are 1) the presence in retroviruses of an additional envelope gene, env, which mediates infection, and 2) a specific dual ribonuclease H (RNH) domain encoded by the retroviral pol gene. However, similar to retroviruses, many Ty3/Gypsy LTR retrotransposons harbor additional env-like genes, promoting concepts of the infective mode of these retrotransposons. Here, we provide a further line of evidence of similarity between retroviruses and some Ty3/Gypsy LTR retrotransposons. We identify that, together with their additional genes, plant Ty3/Gypsy LTR retrotransposons of the Tat group have a second RNH, as do retroviruses. Most importantly, we show that the resulting dual RNHs of Tat LTR retrotransposons and retroviruses emerged independently, providing strong evidence for their convergent evolution. The convergent resemblance of Tat LTR retrotransposons and retroviruses may indicate similar selection pressures acting on these diverse groups of elements and reveal potential evolutionary constraints on their structure. We speculate that dual RNH is required to accelerate retrotransposon evolution through increased rates of strand transfer events and subsequent recombination events.
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PMID:Convergent evolution of ribonuclease h in LTR retrotransposons and retroviruses. 2560 91


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