Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
 12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vitronectin (VN), fibronectin (FN) and laminin (LM), which are known to be important glycoproteins in cell attachment, are produced by such liver cells as hepatocytes, Kupffer cells endothelial cells and Ito cells. In this study, the levels of plasma VN, FN and serum LM P1 in patients with chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma accompanied with cirrhosis were examined and compared with those in normal subjects. Plasma VN levels in patients with chronic hepatitis, compensated cirrhosis and decompensated cirrhosis were less than that in normal subjects. As hepatic dysfunction deteriorated, plasma VN level decreased in chronic liver diseases. Plasma FN levels in patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis were also less than that of patients with chronic hepatitis, which was not significantly different from that of normal subjects. Plasma VN and FN levels in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were similar to those in patients with compensated cirrhosis. Plasma VN and FN levels in patients with chronic liver diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma showed positive correlations with serum albumin content, cholinesterase activity, and normalized normo test value. On the other hand, serum LM P1 levels in patients with chronic hepatitis, compensated cirrhosis and decompensated cirrhosis were higher than that of normal subjects. As hepatic dysfunction deteriorated, serum LM P1 level increased in chronic liver diseases. Level of serum type IV collagen 7S, which is related to hepatic fibrosis, was similar to that of serum LM P1; serum LM P1 concentration in patients with chronic liver diseases showed a significant positive correlation with that of serum type IV collagen 7S. Immunolocalization of VN in liver tissue from patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis was examined by the method of avidin-biotin-complex staining, and positive reaction was observed in enlarged portal tracts, central veins and fibrous septa. These results suggest that decreased levels of plasma VN and FN and increased level of serum LM P1 in patients with chronic liver diseases are related to hepatic dysfunction, and that changes in the levels of these glycoproteins involved in cell attachment are important in the development of hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic liver diseases.
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PMID:[Changes in plasma vitronectin, fibronectin, and serum laminin P1 levels and immunohistochemical study of vitronectin in the liver of patients with chronic liver diseases]. 170 42

Eight liver biopsy specimens from five patients with PAS-negative intracisternal hyalin were investigated by immunofluorescence for: (1) immunoglobulins (Ig) G, A, M, D, E; (2) light chains (kappa and lambda); (3) complement components C1q, C4, C3c, C5, C9; (4) C1-inactivator; (5) C3-activator; (6) alpha 1-antitrypsin; (7) alpha 1-antichymotrypsin; (8) plasminogen; (9) fibrinogen; (10) fibrinogen breakdown products D and E; (11) fibronectin; (12) prealbumin; (13) albumin; (14) betalipoprotein; (15) apolipoprotein; (16) alpha 1- and alpha 2-glycoprotein; (17) cholinesterase; (18) ceruloplasmin; (19) haemopexin; (20) myoglobin; (21) placenta lactogen; (22) transferrin; (23) actin; (24) myosin; (25) cathepsin D; and (26) hepatitis B surface and core antigens (HBsAg and HBcAg). The globules reacted significantly with antisera against C3c (three patients), C4 (three patients), C3-activator (one patient) and fibrinogen (two patients). The cause of the protein accumulation is not clear. Serial studies indicate the possibility of a disturbance of protein secretion and an as yet unidentified immune complex disorder.
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PMID:Immunohistological investigations of PAS-negative globular intracisternal hyalin in human liver biopsy specimens. 285 88

When compared to control subjects plasma fibronectin and factor XIII as well as plasma fibrinogen, factor VIII-related antigen and serum cholinesterase were found to be significantly increased in nephrotic patients. Factor XIII activity was positively correlated with serum cholinesterase, while plasma fibronectin displayed weak correlations with plasma fibrinogen and factor VIII-related antigen. It is considered that increased levels of factor XIII and fibronectin should be related to the intensity of the liver's compensative response to proteinuria, although their turnover rates and the signals triggering this response may differ. It is however difficult to assess possible consequences of the above-mentioned changes for the evolution of the nephrotic syndrome.
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PMID:Plasma fibronectin and factor XIII in nephrotic syndrome. 311 25

Plasma fibronectin (FN) has been measured by immunonephelometric method in 100 cirrhotic patients and compared with that of 77 normal subjects and with that of 57 patients suffering from liver disorders different from cirrhosis. Both, compensated and decompensated cirrhotics had lower plasma FN than controls (31.14 +/- 11.42 and 20.88 +/- 10.43 respectively vs 40.13 +/- 8.58 mg/dl; rho less than 0.02 and rho less than 0.001). FN in ascitic patients was lower than in non-ascitic (rho less than 0.001). These differences were not due to different weight or age of patients. It appears, therefore, that FN parallels in cirrhosis the grade of liver function impairment. No significant difference has been noted between plasma FN of patients with liver diseases different from cirrhosis and control subjects. In cirrhosis, a positive relation has been observed among FN and other parameters of liver function such as serum albumin, cholinesterase activity, fibrinogen and prothrombin time. Plasma FN has a low sensitivity but a high specificity and a good positive predictive value in distinguishing normals and patients with liver disorders different from cirrhosis. This diagnostic value is similar to that of serum albumin.
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PMID:Plasma fibronectin in liver cirrhosis and its diagnostic value. 353 10

When compared to age-matched normal weight normolipidemic control subjects, plasma factor XIII, plasma fibronectin and serum cholinesterase levels were found to be markedly decreased in patients with decompensated cirrhosis of the liver, not significantly changed in hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa (heterozygous subjects) and increased in hypertriglyceridemic subjects (type IIb and IV) as well as in hyperlipidemic nephrotic patients. A possible accelerated hepatic synthesis of certain plasma proteins including factor XIII and fibronectin in patients with the nephrotic syndrome as well as in endogenous hypertriglyceridemia is envisaged. It is also considered that mural thrombi, richer in factor XIII and fibronectin, would be more resistant to fibrinolysis and more readily attached to subendothelial structures.
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PMID:Clinical studies on plasma fibronectin and factor XIII; with special reference to hyperlipoproteinemia. 392 52

A simple and rapid method for determining plasma fibronectin or cold insoluble globulin (CIG) based on immunochemical precipitation and laser nephelometry is described. The coefficient of variation within the series was 4.2% and between the series 9.1%. The mean value for 37 control subjects was 100.1% +/- 20.6 (SD). Nineteen patients with gastrointestinal carcinoma or Crohn's disease were investigated on admission. The mean value of their plasma CIG was 104.7 +/- 26.9 (SD), which was not statistically different from the control subjects. Twelve of the patients received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) during the two preoperative weeks. The concentration of CIG was significantly increased after one and two weeks of TPN compared to the initial value. Six out of seven patients that postoperatively showed signs of infection had CIG values below 90% on admission. Of several other plasma proteins determined on admission, only a statistically significantly negative relationship to transferrin was found. CIG did not significantly relate either to the acute phase reactants, haptoglobin and orosomucoid, or to visceral proteins albumin, choline esterase or prealbumin.
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PMID:Rapid determination of cold insoluble globulin by laser nephelometry. Application in patients receiving preoperative total parenteral nutrition. 680 77

When compared with 67 age- and sex-matched normal weight control subjects, the 71 overweight patients displayed obviously higher levels of plasma fibronectin. For a similar body mass index (BMI) the 16 overweight men younger than 45 years had a significantly (P < 0.01) higher plasma fibronectin level (455 +/- 99.3 mg/l; mean +/- SD) than the 16 age-matched overweight women (351 +/- 105 mg/l) while there was no significant difference between the 22 overweight men (446 +/- 89.2 mg/l) and the 17 overweight women (475 +/- 111 mg/l) older than 45 years. Particularly high plasma fibronectin levels were noted in the five women with upper body (android) obesity. Plasma fibronectin was positively correlated with BMI, serum triglyceride concentration, plasma fibrinogen and serum cholinesterase activity. It is considered that metabolic disturbances related to upper body obesity may lead to an enhanced hepatic secretion of VLDL and of several plasma proteins including fibronectin.
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PMID:Plasma fibronectin in overweight men and women: correlation with serum triglyceride levels and serum cholinesterase activity. 903 58

It is well established that the detection of microalbuminuria in a patient with diabetes mellitus indicates the presence of glomerular involvement in early renal damage. Recent studies have demonstrated that there is also a tubular component to renal complications of diabetes, as shown by the detection of renal tubular proteins and enzymes in the urine. In fact, tubular involvement may precede glomerular involvement, as several of these tubular proteins and enzymes are detectable even before the appearance of microalbuminuria. This review looks at the studies reported so far on serum and urinary markers of diabetic nephropathy, both glomerular and tubular, and their roles in the early detection of renal damage. The advantages and disadvantages of some of these markers are also discussed. The markers reviewed include (1) glomerular--transferrin, fibronectin, and other components of glomerular extracellular matrix, and (2) tubular--low molecular weight proteins (beta 2 microglobulin, retinol binding protein, alpha 1 microglobulin, urine protein 1), other proteins such as Tamm-Horsfall protein, beta 2 glycoprotein-1, urinary enzymes (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, cholinesterase, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, alanine aminopeptidase), and tubular brush-border antigen.
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PMID:Markers of diabetic nephropathy. 944 15

The leukocyte common antigen-related (LAR) receptor, composed of an extracellular region with three immunoglobulin-like and eight fibronectin type III-like domains, and a cytoplasmic region containing two protein tyrosine phosphatase domains, is thought to play a role in axonal outgrowth and guidance during neural development. LAR mutant mice were generated completely lacking the two cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase domains, resulting in the loss of ability to bind intracellular associating proteins, but (may be) still containing the ability to perform extracellular functions. A reduction in size of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and diminished hippocampal innervation reported for knockout mice that contain a leaky gene trap inserted into the 5' part of the LAR gene [Yeo T. T. et al. (1997) J. Neurosci. Res. 47, 348-360] warranted a computer-assisted quantitative image analysis throughout the basal forebrain and hippocampus of our LAR mutant mice. The total number, longest diameter and cell body area were calculated for the choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in the medial septum and vertical diagonal band, and optical density measurements were performed to determine the extent of acetyl cholinesterase-positive fibre innervation of the different layers in the dentate gyrus. In LAR mutant mice, the number of cholinergic cells was significantly reduced (approximately 25%) in the vertical diagonal band. Also, the cross-sectional area of the cholinergic neurons in the medial septum and vertical diagonal band was reduced (5%). These findings were paralleled by a diminished cholinergic innervation of the supragranular (18%) and molecular (4%) layers of the dentate gyrus. Thus, LAR protein tyrosine phosphatase activity appears crucial for size, number and target projection of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, further strengthening a role for LAR in CNS development.
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PMID:A decrease in size and number of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons is paralleled by diminished hippocampal cholinergic innervation in mice lacking leukocyte common antigen-related protein tyrosine phosphatase activity. 1118 46

Coagulation factor XIII is a transglutaminase catalysing the crosslinking of fibrin chains as well as the formation of covalent links between several extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin, vitronectin and collagen. By mediating the incorporation of alpha2 antiplasmin into the fibrin network, this factor also interferes with fibrinolysis. Increased plasma factor XIII activity was reported by our laboratory 30 years ago in hypertriglyceridemic subjects who also displayed increased activity of serum cholinesterase, a marker of hepatic protein synthesis, and a delayed diluted, blood clot lysis time. Recent data in the literature emphasize a relationship between insulin resistance (metabolic syndrome) and increased plasma levels of factor XIII, confirming our results. It was also reported that a faster activation of this factor related to the Val 34 leu polymorphism provides protective effect against myocardial infarction and stroke, this effect being however negated in patients with insulin resistance and high plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. The pathogenic role of factor XIII in atherothrombosis seems to be bivalent. On the one side, an increased activity would favor the persistence of fibrin depositions and increase plaque burden, while on the other side it would reduce plaque vulnerability and the risk of downstream embolization.
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PMID:Coagulation factor XIII and atherothrombosis. A mini-review. 1552 18


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