Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Organophosphate and carbamate ester insecticides, main causes of pesticide poisoning, inhibit cholinesterase (ChE) enzymes. The aim of this study was to measure and compare baseline values for pseudocholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activities of different blood fractions in the dog to aid in diagnosis of anticholinesterase poisoning. After collecting blood samples from 23 6-24-mo-old male beagle dogs, Ellman's colorimetric assay was run on plasma, red blood cells (RBC), and whole blood fractions prepared in triplicate. The procedure described in a commercially available kit was applied to plasma and RBC. Hemolyzed whole blood fractions (final dilution 1:8) avoided the time-consuming and laborious separation of plasma and RBC. In addition to the kit substrate acetylthiocholine (ASCh), we used butyrylthiocholine (BSCh) as substrate. Whatever the substrate, ChE activity was lower in RBC than in other blood preparations. It was higher when using ASCh rather than BSCh as substrate (mean IU/L+/-SD): 563+/-144 and 303+/-45 respectively, in contrast to plasma (1640+/-310 and 2510+/-450). Whole blood enzyme activity did not differ significantly according to substrate: ASCh, 1590+/-190; BSCh, 1620+/-250) with a 2 to 3% within-day coefficient of variation. Enzyme activity was significantly lower in dogs <1-y old. This study confirms the low ChE activity in dog RBC compared to other species and other blood fractions. It shows that using whole blood instead of separating RBC from plasma minimizes the variability of ChE activity in the hemoglobin-rich fraction.
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PMID:Acetyl- and pseudo-cholinesterase activities of plasma, erythrocytes, and whole blood in male beagle dogs using Ellman's assay. 1092 85

Protein electrophoresis, hematological and cholinesterase values were determined in 32 nestling free-living peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) (15- to 27-days-old) in order to establish normal reference values for this population. The following values (mean +/- SD) were observed: prealbumin 0.31 +/- 0.04 g/dl, albumin 1.25 +/- 0.06 g/dl, alpha1 and alpha2-globulin 0.23 +/- 0.02 and 0.16 +/- 0.02 g/dl respectively, beta-globulin 1.02 +/- 0.05 g/dl, gamma-globulin 0.060 +/- 0.08 g/dl, total protein 3.79 +/- 0.18 g/dl, 21.26 +/- 1.30 white blood cells/microl (1 x 10(3)), 2.17 +/- 0.07 red blood cells/microl (1 x 10(6)), packed cell volume 37.58 +/- 0.82%, hemoglobin 20.96 +/- 0.29 g/dl, heterophils 61.14 +/- 2.50% and cholinesterase 1,184 +/- 75 IU/L. There were no difference in any of these parameters among males and females. The hematological values obtained could be considered as representative values in free-living nestling peregrine falcons.
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PMID:Hematological, protein electrophoresis and cholinesterase values of free-living nestling peregrine falcons in Spain. 1127 93

A retrospective case-control study was performed with TB patients who were admitted to our hospital over the two years from Jan. 1997 to Dec. 1998 and healthy men who underwent a health screening in April 2000 in the same hospital. Thirty-two non-homeless TB patients (the first control group) and 32 healthy men (the second control group) were matched with 32 homeless TB patients according to age. All 3 groups were male. Total protein, albumin, cholesterol, cholinesterase, hemoglobin level and lymphocyte count on admission were significantly lower in the homeless patients than in the non-homeless patients and healthy men. Albumin, cholesterol, cholinesterase, hemoglobin level, white blood cell count and lymphocyte count on admission were significantly lower in non-homeless patients than healthy men. Height, weight and body mass index were significantly lower in the homeless patients than in the healthy men. However, there were no significant differences in these body characteristics between the homeless and non-homeless patients. Twenty-five percent of homeless patients died during hospitalization, compared with 6.3 percent of non-homeless patients. Lymphocyte counts among homeless patients who died during hospitalization were significantly lower than among those who survived during hospitalization. Total protein, albumin, cholesterol, cholinesterase, hemoglobin level and weight were lower in patients who died than in those who survived, although the differences were statistically not significant.
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PMID:[A nutritional investigation of homeless patients with tuberculosis]. 1139 27

The prevalence of anemia increases with age and is frequently multifactorial. We postulated that malnutrition contributes to anemia in the elderly and is underdiagnosed. Our objective was to analyze the prevalence of anemia and its association with nutritional status in a hospitalized geriatric population. Included in this retrospective cohort study were 186 consecutive patients admitted in 1997 to a geriatric unit of a university hospital. We compared hematological and chemical blood tests routinely performed upon admission in patients with anemia (hemoglobin <120 g/l) and without anemia (hemoglobin > or = 120 g/l). Using these admission parameters, we defined a multiparameter score of malnutrition by low lymphocyte counts, decreased values of albumin, cholesterol, transferrin, cholinesterase, and zinc, iron deficiency by low transferrin saturation and normal C-reactive protein, and inflammation by increased C-reactive protein and high transferrin saturation. Of the 186 patients, 82 (44%) met the criteria for anemia on admission. In univariate analysis, patients with anemia differed significantly from patients with normal hemoglobin exhibiting lower serum values of albumin, iron, transferrin, cholesterol, cholinesterase, zinc, transferrin saturation, and lymphocyte count and higher C-reactive protein levels. Using a multiparameter score, anemia correlated significantly with parameters of malnutrition (P=0.0001) but not with iron deficiency (P=0.5) or with inflammation (P=0.08). In a multivariate logistic regression model, anemia was significantly associated with serum albumin (RR: 1.138; 95% CI: 1.056-1.227; P=0.0007), cholinesterase (RR: 1.387; 95% CI 1.122-1.714; P=0.0025), and transferrin saturation (RR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.012-1.09; P=0.009). We conclude that malnutrition may play an important etiologic role in anemia in the elderly.
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PMID:Anemia: an indicator for malnutrition in the elderly. 1144 33

We have previously reported that long-term treatment with clarithromycin (CAM) increased the median survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, and improved various clinical parameters in these patients. In the present study, CAM was administered to 33 patients with unresectable primary non-small cell lung cancer, who had received chemotherapy, radiotherapy or both (basic cancer therapy). Patients with clinical backgrounds matched to the CAM group, who did not receive CAM treatment, were included into this study as a control group (non-CAM group). CAM treatment was initiated 4 weeks after the basic cancer therapy. The non-CAM group did not receive a placebo. Before and after the 3-month treatment with CAM, body weight, serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6, a cytokine which, together with TNF-alpha, plays a crucial role in the development of cancer cachexia), total protein, albumin, cholinesterase and hemoglobin were measured for the evaluation of the patients' clinical status. There were no statistically significant differences in serum levels of IL-6 between the CAM group before the treatment and the non-CAM group. After 3 months of CAM treatment, serum levels of IL-6 significantly decreased. In contrast, body weight, cholinesterase, and hemoglobin increased to a significant extent. Among these four parameters, however, the decrease in serum IL-6 levels was only statistically correlated with the increase in body weight, but not with that in other parameters. Furthermore, CAM-treated patients whose serum IL-6 levels were decreased after 3 months of treatment survived longer: there was a statistically significant correlation between the decrease in serum IL-6 and survival time. In contrast, in the non-CAM group, these parameters did not change significantly during the study. These results suggest that CAM may reduce the progression of cancer-associated cachexia.
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PMID:Anti-cachectic effect of clarithromycin for patients with unresectable non-small cell lung cancer. 1178 60

Methyl parathion and other organophosphorus insecticides are widely used in agriculture. Poisonings to this class of compounds are common and exerted primarily through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Methyl parathion became a major health concern when it was illegally sprayed in private homes. Since there are limited data with which to predict the long-term effects resulting from a pattern of exposure to methyl parathion that may have occurred in domestic settings, studies were performed to compare its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after intravenous, oral or dermal exposure. Methyl parathion was given to adult female rats as a single dose intravenously (2.5 mg/kg) through a femoral catheter, orally (2.5 mg/kg) by gavage, or dermally (< or = 50 mg/kg) by application to shaved skin at the nape of the neck. Blood (200 microl) was collected at increasing times from a separate catheter or from the retro-orbital sinus. Cholinesterase activity was measured in blood and normalized to hemoglobin content, whereas activities in brain and peripheral tissues were normalized to protein. Blood methyl parathion was quantitated by gas chromatography-electron capture. The pharmacokinetics of methyl parathion after intravenous exposure best fit a model in which it was distributed between two compartments and rapidly eliminated. Maximal concentrations of methyl parathion ranged from 200 to 350 ng/ml. The half-life of methyl parathion was 51 minutes, its volume of distribution was 10.1 L/kg, and clearance was 108 ml/min/kg. The kinetics of methyl parathion after single oral exposure contrasted with those after intravenous exposure. Despite a high absorption coefficient, oral bioavailability of methyl parathion was less than 5%, and concentrations in blood were 2% or less of those after intravenous exposure. After single dermal exposure (25 or 50 mg/kg), blood methyl parathion levels increased during the first 6 h and then remained constant for the next 42 h at about 150 ng/ml. Despite differences in its pharmacokinetics, methyl parathion caused similar time-dependent changes in blood and brain cholinesterase activities after intravenous or oral administration. Maximal inhibition of blood cholinesterase occurred within 15-60 min, and activities recovered within 30 - 48 h. In contrast, inhibition of blood cholinesterase caused by single dermal exposure (> or = 25 mg/kg) to methyl parathion developed gradually over 24 h, but was sustained. Cholinesterase inhibited by a lower dose (< or = 12 mg/kg) of methyl parathion required up to 21 days to recover fully. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methyl parathion are complex, and the complexity varies with the route of exposure. A significant 'first pass' effect for methyl parathion is seen with oral administration. Dermal exposure to methyl parathion, as likely occurred with the illegal spraying of private homes and businesses, may exacerbate toxicity and increase the potential for long-term adverse health effects.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methyl parathion. 1216 62

Despite the advantages of using internal ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty instead of the classic tumescent lipoplasty, such as reduced bleeding and tissue damage, the authors found no objective or comparative study of these techniques in humans. For this reason, they conducted a clinical study to determine the amount of bleeding and tissue damage caused by each of the techniques. A simple clinical assay was accomplished at the Jalisco Plastic Surgery Institute on seven female patients scheduled for abdominal lipectomy. Two similar sections of the surgical area were marked for lipoplasty techniques: classic tumescent lipoplasty on one side and internal ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty on the other. Both areas were treated simultaneously by surgeons experienced in each technique. Laboratory tests and histologic studies were performed on the aspirated material and the manipulated tissue, respectively. The fluids sent to the laboratory were analyzed to determine the amount of bleeding and tissue damage. In the laboratory, the degree of lesion and tissue damage was evaluated in the dermis, nerves, blood vessels, and adipose cells. With internal ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty, indicators of tissue damage such as glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, pyruvic oxalacetic transaminase, cholinesterase, and myoglobin showed higher values than with tumescent lipoplasty. The same was found for hemoglobin levels and in the histologic data indicative of tissue damage; both values were statistically significant at < 0.001. Internal ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty was not demonstrated to be more innocuous or to have a selective effect in adipose cells, and it generally resulted in more tissue damage and bleeding than the classic tumescent technique.
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PMID:Laboratory and histopathologic comparative study of internal ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty and tumescent lipoplasty. 1219 31

1,2,3-Trichloropropane is a colorless liquid used as a paint and varnish remover, solvent, and degreasing agent, and as a crosslinking agent in the synthesis of polysulfides and hexafluoropropylene. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane may be found as an impurity in certain nematocides and soil fumigants and as a contaminant of drinking and ground water. Studies on the toxic and carcinogenic effects of 1,2,3-trichloropropane were initiated because of the close structural relationship of this chemical to other short-chain halogenated compounds that were demonstrated to be carcinogenic in experimental animals, and because of the potential for human exposure. Toxicology and carcinogenicity studies were conducted by administering 1,2,3-trichloropropane (greater than 99% pure) in corn oil by gavage to groups of F344/N rats and B6C3FI mice for 17 weeks and 2 years. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium strains, mouse lymphoma cells, and Chinese hamster ovary cells. 17-Week Studies: Groups of 20 male and 20 female rats received 1,2,3-trichloropropane in corn oil by gavage at doses of 8, 16, 32, 63, 125, or 250 mg/kg body weight 5 days per week for up to 17 weeks; 30 male and 30 female rats received corn oil alone and served as controls. Animals were evaluated at 8 or 17 weeks. All rats in the 250 mg/kg groups died by week 5. One male and four female rats in the 125 mg/kg groups died during the study. The mean body weight gains and final mean body weights of males receiving 63 mg/kg and of males and females receiving 125 mg/kg were lower than those of the controls. Hematocrit values, hemoglobin concentrations, and erythrocyte counts decreased with dose in males and females. Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities were significantly increased in some female rats receiving 125 mg/kg. Serum pseudocholinesterase activity decreased with dose in females. Increases in kidney and liver weights were related to chemical administration. The principal toxic lesions associated with the administration of 1,2,3-trichloropropane to rats were hepatocellular necrosis, karyomegaly, and biliary hyperplasia of the liver; renal tubule necrosis, regeneration, and karyomegaly of the kidney; and necrosis and inflammation of the nasal olfactory and respiratory epithelium. Groups of 20 male and 20 female mice received 1,2,3-trichloropropane in corn oil by gavage at doses of 8, 16, 32, 63, 125, or 250 mg/kg 5 days per week for up to 17 weeks; 30 male and 30 female mice received corn oil alone and served as controls. Sixteen male and seven female mice in the 250 mg/kg groups died by week 4. The final mean body weights and mean body weight gains of dosed mice were similar to those of the controls, except those of 250 mg/kg males, which were lower than those of controls. The principal toxic lesions associated with the administration of 1,2,3-trichloropropane were hepatocellular necrosis and karyomegaly of the liver; necrosis, regeneration, and hyperplasia of the bronchiolar epithelium in the lung; and acanthosis (hyperplasia) and hyperkeratosis of the forestomach epithelium. 2-Year Studies: Groups of 60 male and 60 female rats received 0, 3, 10, or 30 mg 1,2,3-trichloropropane/kg body weight in corn oil by gavage 5 days per week for up to 104 weeks. Selection of 30 mg/kg as the high dose in these studies was based on the following chemical-related effects in the 17-week studies: deaths and liver and kidney lesions at 125 and 250 mg/kg and reduced final mean body weights and mean body weight gains at 63 mg/kg or greater. Groups of 60 male and 60 female mice received 0, 6, 20, or 60 mg 1,2,3-trichloropropane/kg body weight in corn oil by gavage 5 days per week for up to 104 weeks. Selection of 60 mg/kg as the high dose was based on chemical-related deaths and lesions of the liver, lung, and forestomach at 125 and 250 mg/kg in the 17-week studies. 15-Month Interim Evaluations: Up to 10 rats and 10 mice from each dose group were evaluated at 15 months. Absolute and relative liver and kidned kidney weights of dosed rats were significantly greater than those of the controls. Chemical-related nonneoplastic lesions and neoplasms of the forestomach, oral mucosa, pancreas (males), kidney, mammary gland (females), preputial gland, and clitoral gland were observed in dosed rats. Chemical-related nonneoplastic lesions and neoplasms of the forestomach and liver (females) were observed in dosed mice. Survival and Body Weight in the 2-Year Studies: Survival of male and female rats receiving 10 or 30 mg/kg 1,2,3-trichloropropane was significantly lower than that of controls. Two-year survival rates of male rats were: control, 34/50; 3 mg/kg, 32/50; 10 mg/kg, 14/49; 30 mg/kg, 0/52; and of females were: 31/50, 30/49, 8/52, 0/52. At 30 mg/kg, survival was markedly reduced due to chemical-related neoplasms, and survivors were killed in weeks 67 (females) or 77 (males). Final mean body weights of 30 mg/kg rats were 13&percnt; lower for males and 12&percnt; lower for females than those of controls; mean body weights of 3 and 10 mg/kg rats were similar to controls. Survival rates of mice receiving 6, 20, or 60 mg/kg 1,2,3-trichloropropane were also significantly lower than those of controls. Two-year survival rates of male mice were: 42/52, 18/51, 0/54, 0/56; and of female mice were: 41/50, 13/50, 0/51, 0/55. Because of reduced survival at 20 and 60 mg/kg due to chemical-related neoplasms, survivors were killed in weeks 73 (60 mg/kg females), 79 (60 mg/kg males), or 89 (20 mg/kg males and females). Final mean body weights were 16&percnt; lower for 60 mg/kg males, 18~ lower for 60 mg/kg females, and 13&percnt; lower for 20 mg/kg males than those of controls. Final mean body weights of 6 mg/kg males and females and 20 mg/kg females were similar to controls. Neoplasms and Nonneoplastic Lesions in the 2-Year Studies: Administration of 1,2,3-trichloropropane to rats induced benign and malignant neoplasms of the oral mucosa (pharynx and tongue), forestomach, and preputial and clitoral glands in males and females; benign neoplasms of the exocrine pancreas and kidney in males, and malignant neoplasms of the mammary gland in females. The incidences of squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of the oral mucosa were significantly increased in 10 and 30 mg/kg rats, while the incidences of squamous cell papillomas or carcinomas (combined) of the forestomach were significantly increased in all dosed groups. The incidence of pancreatic acinar adenoma was significantly increased in dosed males, but not in dosed females. Similarly, the incidence of adenoma of the kidney was significantly increased in 10 and 30 mg/kg male rats only. The incidences of adenoma or carcinoma (combined) of the preputial gland in 30 mg/kg males and of the clitoral gland in 10 and 30 mg/kg females (homologous organs) were significantly increased. The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the mammary gland was significantly increased in the 10 and 30 mg/kg females. The incidences of Zymbal's gland carcinomas were increased in 30 mg/kg males and females. Adenocarcinomas of the intestine occurred in small numbers of dosed rats and may have been chemical related. In mice, the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa was significantly increased only in 60 mg/kg females. In contrast, the incidences of squamous cell papilloma and carcinoma of the forestomach were significantly increased in all groups of dosed mice. The incidences of hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma (combined) were significantly increased in all dosed groups of males and 60 mg/kg females. The incidences of harderian gland adenoma were significantly increased in 20 mg/kg males and in 60 mg/kg males and females. The incidences of uterine adenoma, adenocarcinoma, and stromal polyp were significantly increased in 60 mg/kg females. Genetic Toxicology: 1,2,3-Trichloropropane was mutagenic in vitro in the presence of S9 metabolic activation. At two laboratories, positive responses were obtained for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA1535 in the presence of S9; no mutagenic activity was observed in TA1537, with or without S9. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane induced trifluorothymidine resistance in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells with, but not without, S9. In cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations were induced by 1,2,3-trichloropropane; however, significant increases in the endpoints of both cytogenetic effects occurred only in the presence of S9. Conclusions: Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies, there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 1,2,3-trichloropropane in male F344/N rats based on increased incidences of squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of the oral mucosa and forestomach, adenomas of the pancreas and kidney, adenomas or carcinomas of the preputial gland, and carcinomas of the Zymbal's gland. Adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinomas of the intestine may have been related to chemical administration. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 1,2,3-trichloropropane in female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of the oral mucosa and forestomach, adenomas or carcinomas of the clitoral gland, adenocarcinomas of the mammary gland, and carcinomas of the Zymbal's gland. Adenocarcinomas of the intestine may have been related to chemical administration. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 1,2,3-trichloropropane in male B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of the forestomach, hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas of the liver, and harderian gland adenomas. Squamous cell papillomas of the oral mucosa may have been related to chemical administration. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 1,2,3-trichloropropane in female B6C3F1, mice based on increased incidences of squamous cell carcinomas of the oral mucosa, squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of the forestomach, hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas of the liver, harderian gland adenomas, and uterine adenomas, adenocarcinomas, and stromal polyps. Nonneoplastic lesions associated with exposure to 1,2,3-trichloropropane included increased severity of nephropathy in male rats and increased incidences of basal cell and squamous hyperplasia of the forestomach, acinar hyperplasia of the pancreas, renal tubule hyperplasia, and preputial or clitoral gland hyperplasia in male and female rats. Increased incidences of squamous hyperplasia of the forestomach and eosinophilic foci in the liver in male and female mice were chemical related. Synonyms: Allyl trichloride, glycerol tnchlorohydrin, glyceryl tnchlorohydrin, trichlorohydrin
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PMID:NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis of 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (CAS No. 96-18-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies). 1269 52

Thirty-three patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (16 men, 17 women) were divided into 3 groups based on urinary excretion of albumin (U-Alb)--group A: U-Alb < 30 mg/d; group B: 30 mg/d < or = U-Alb < or = 300 mg/d; and group C: 300 mg/d < U-Alb. Serum creatinine levels were lower than 2.0 mg/dL in all the subjects. There was no difference in age, sex, therapy, body weight, body mass index (BMI), lean body mass (LBM), or hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) levels among the 3 groups. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) (kJ/h/m(2)) and adjusted RMR for lean body mass (kJ/h/m(2)) were significantly increased in group C compared with groups A and B. Hb concentrations, serum albumin levels, and creatinine clearance were much lower in group C than in groups A and B (P < .001). There were no difference in serum urea nitrogen, total cholesterol, cholinesterase and free thyroxine, or plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels among the 3 groups. Linear regression analysis revealed an inverse correlation between RMR and serum albumin levels, correlation between RMR and U-Alb, and inverse correlation between RMR and Hb concentrations, respectively, in these patients. In conclusion, RMR in diabetic patients correlated directly with U-Alb and inversely with serum albumin and Hb concentration. These findings suggest that RMR is related with urinary albumin loss and anemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus accompanied by diabetic nephropathy.
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PMID:Increased resting metabolic rate in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus accompanied by advanced diabetic nephropathy. 1553 91

To evaluate the health impact of insecticides on Palestinian farm workers in the Gaza Strip, the study assessed biomarkers in farm workers who used organophosphorus insecticides. Serum cholinesterase and complete blood count were determined before and after spraying of organophosphorus insecticides. Burning sensations in eyes/face (62.5%), itching/skin irritation (37.5%), and chest symptoms (29.2%) were reported. Serum butyrylcholinesterase (SBuChE) was significantly decreased at the end of the work day. Burning sensations in eyes/face and skin rash were significantly associated with inhibition of SBuChE activity (p < 0.05). Younger workers were more affected. Leukocyte and platelet counts were increased and hemoglobin decreased significantly, reflecting acute poisoning. Monitoring of SBuChE and hematologic parameters of farm workers could be useful to predict and prevent health hazards of pesticides.
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PMID:Adverse impact of insecticides on the health of Palestinian farm workers in the Gaza Strip: a hematologic biomarker study. 1587 90


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