Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A total of 111 amniotic fluid samples, clear or blood stained, with elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase was analysed by immunoassays specific for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase and the acetylcholinesterase/butyrylcholinesterase-ratios determined. Samples from 40 pregnancies associated with anencephaly, 47 pregnancies associated with open spina bifida or encephalocele and six pregnancies with fetal intrauterine death or miscarriage all had ratios of greater than 0.14. All 11 pregnancies with fetal ventral wall defects had ratios less than 0.14 as had four pregnancies with normal outcome and elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase. Three fetuses with both open spina bifida and ventral wall defects were associated with ratios above 0.14. These results suggest that immunochemical determination of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase can be used to distinguish pregnancies complicated by anencephaly, open spina bifida, encephalocele and miscarriage from those with ventral wall defects and samples with false positive elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase. The procedure is accurate and simple to carry out and well suited to routine use in a clinical chemistry laboratory.
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PMID:Ratio of immunochemically determined amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase to butyrylcholinesterase in the differential diagnosis of fetal abnormalities. 170 34

Serum CA 19-9 and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were determined in 211 patients with liver cirrhosis and 27 with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with liver cirrhosis. This was done to determine the usefulness of CA 19-9 level with respect to AFP level in distinguishing between these two illnesses, and to assess the influence of some clinical and biochemical variables on these tests in patients with liver cirrhosis with or without primary HCC. Pathologic AFP values were found in 23 of 27 (sensitivity, 85%) patients with HCC; CA 19-9 levels increased in only 12 of 27 (sensitivity, 44%) HCC patients, the values being comparable with those of patients with liver cirrhosis. In liver cirrhosis a substantial number of false-positive values was found for both markers, although they were higher for CA 19-9 (50 of 211 versus 39 of 211). In liver cirrhosis correlations were found between AFP level and alanine amino-transferase level; and between CA 19-9 level and (1) total bilirubin value, (2) alkaline phosphatase level, and (3) pseudocholinesterase level. The authors conclude that CA 19-9 level is a poor biochemical marker, inferior to AFP level, in the detection of a carcinomatous transformation of liver cirrhosis. The finding of false-positive AFP values in liver cirrhosis seems mainly attributable to cellular proliferation and necrosis. Cholestasis seems to greatly affect serum CA 19-9 level variations, probably by reducing its liver metabolism.
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PMID:Serum CA 19-9 and alpha-fetoprotein levels in primary hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis. 138 Dec 71

Anterior abdominal wall defects, omphalocele and gastroschisis are rare fetal anomalies. Prenatal diagnosis of these conditions has improved with the widespread use of ultrasound and serum alpha-fetoprotein and amniotic fluid cholinesterase levels. Improvements in prenatal diagnosis have allowed appropriate and timely intensive care and surgical intervention, reducing morbidity and mortality. As more of these infants survive, gynecologists will more frequently encounter them as adults with a condition requiring surgical correction. Two cases demonstrate that well-planned surgery can maximize the outcome for these patients.
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PMID:Gynecologic surgery after repair of gastroschisis or omphalocele. A report of two cases. 183 2

The synthesis of plasma proteins directed by mRNA from human brain tissues was studied by combining in vitro or in ovo translation of mRNAs with crossed immunoelectrophoresis of the mRNA-directed labeled polypeptides, followed by autoradiography of the washed plates. Poly(A)-containing mRNA was prepared from different developmental stages of fetal and postnatal human brain and also from primary glioblastomas and meningiomas. Several plasma protein-like polypeptides were identified in the autoradiographs by their migration coordinates in the two-dimensional gels, compared with immunoprecipitates formed by mature, unlabeled, stainable proteins. These included polypeptides migrating like Gc globulin, haptoglobin, fibrinogen, alpha-fetoprotein, transferrin, cholinesterase, and alpha 2-macroglobulin; other, yet unidentified plasma proteins, were also observed. In general, the synthesis of these plasma proteins appeared to be more pronounced in fetal and neoplastic brain tissues than in postnatal tissues. However, clear immunoprecipitates for some of these plasma proteins could also be detected in products directed by mRNA from particular regions of mature, normal brains, indicating that some synthesis of plasma proteins takes place in the human brain even as late as 40 years of age. mRNAs for several proteins were also identified in samples of neoplastic brain. mRNA for transferrin was identified in normal fetal and adult brain but not in either the glioblastomas or meningiomas studied. Microinjected Xenopus oocytes, in which post-translational processing occurs as well, were also used to translate fetal brain mRNA. Several plasma proteins could be detected in the translation products which were induced and stored in the oocytes. These included hemopexin, which could not be detected in the in vitro system. Others, such as cholinesterase, were found to be secreted by the oocytes. These findings indicate that different cell types in the human brain may produce and either store or secrete particular plasma proteins at defined stages in their development.
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PMID:Synthesis of plasma proteins in fetal, adult, and neoplastic human brain tissue. 242 74

A method for the determination of the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in amniotic fluid is developed. In connection with other AChE-determination methods for blood quinidine sulphate in a concentration of 2.10(-5) mol/l is used as an inhibitor for the serum-cholinesterase (ChE). With amniotic fluid samples of 162 gravidities are established preliminary limits of reference ranges. The hitherto existing experiences showed that values below the 90. percentile can be classified as normally, above the 99. percentile as pathological findings. This method is to consider among the ultrasonographical examination and the measurement of alpha-fetoprotein in serum and amniotic fluid as a further diagnosis confirming part on the suspicion of the presence of open neural tube defects.
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PMID:[The determination of acetylcholinesterase activity in amniotic fluid as a further possibility for the prenatal diagnosis of open neural tube defects]. 277 44

Among 93 acetylcholinesterase determinations performed on amniotic fluid samples from pregnancies at 11-14 weeks' gestation, five unexplained false-positive results were observed. In four of the five cases, the ratio of acetylcholinesterase to pseudocholinesterase was compatible with that observed in association with open neural tube defects in later gestation. In contrast, no false-positive results were noted among 951 acetylcholinesterase determinations performed on samples from women at 15-20 weeks' gestation. Repeat amniocentesis was performed several weeks after the first procedure in four of the five cases of early amniocentesis and false-positive results; in each case, the acetylcholinesterase was negative on the second sample. All four pregnancies had a normal outcome. In the remaining case, trisomy 21 was diagnosed in the fetus and the pregnancy was terminated. Positive acetylcholinesterase results should be interpreted cautiously in samples from early amniocentesis, especially when the amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein level is not markedly elevated. The acetylcholinesterase-to-pseudocholinesterase ratio is not useful in identifying fetal neural tube defects before 15 weeks' gestation. Repeat amniocentesis may help in determining the significance of a positive acetylcholinesterase result from early amniocentesis when no fetal defect is identified by ultrasonography.
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PMID:False-positive acetylcholinesterase with early amniocentesis. 279 38

Using a monoclonal antibody to bromodeoxyuridine, we studied the cell kinetics of human hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis and alcoholic liver fibrosis. Specimens were taken either by biopsy or surgery and immediately incubated with 0.1% bromodeoxyuridine solution at 37 degrees C for 45 min. After in vitro labeling, the bromodeoxyuridine taken up by the nuclei of S-phase cells was determined by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method, using an anti-bromodeoxyuridine monoclonal antibody as the first antibody. The number of positive nuclei in 1,000 hepatic cells was counted, and the bromodeoxyuridine labeling index was expressed per thousand. The mean bromodeoxyuridine labeling index +/- S.D. of the cancerous portion of hepatocellular carcinoma, the noncancerous portion of hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis and alcoholic liver fibrosis were 64.1 +/- 31.3, 33.6 +/- 14.4, 23.2 +/- 20.8, 9.1 +/- 6.1 and 21.6 +/- 13.0, respectively. The mean bromodeoxyuridine labeling index of the hepatocellular carcinoma cancerous portion was statistically higher than that of any other group. There was no statistical difference by the t test or the Wilcoxon test between the noncancerous portion of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis, and these two groups were proved interdependent by chi 2 test (Fisher's exact test), whether they were subdivided by bromodeoxyuridine labeling index greater than or equal to 10 or not. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling index was not significantly correlated with the usual biochemical parameters such as serum AST, ALT, gamma-GTP, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, cholinesterase, albumin, and alpha-fetoprotein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:S-phase cells in diseased human liver determined by an in vitro BrdU-anti-BrdU method. 284 68

The distribution and possible origins of plasma proteins in the human embryonic and fetal brain at different stages of development have been investigated by a combination of isolation and translation of mRNAs and immunocytochemistry using specific antisera. As many as 23 plasma-like proteins have been identified using immunocytochemical methods at the light microscopical level. The presence of mRNAs for 13 of the immunocytochemically positive plasma proteins was demonstrated by in vitro and in ovo translation followed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and autoradiography; this indicates in situ synthesis of these proteins (e.g., alpha-fetoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, GC-globulin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, pseudocholinesterase, and transferrin) in some brain regions. The regional distribution of some proteins and the absence of some mRNAs suggest that the presence of certain plasma proteins in developing brain may be accounted for by uptake from csf or via nerve processes extending beyond the blood-brain barrier. In several cases, specific proteins appear to be associated with defined cell types, e.g., alpha-fetoprotein, GC-globulin, and ceruloplasmin with neurons, alpha 2-macroglobulin with endothelial cells, and ferritin with glial cells. Some proteins were associated with two or three cell types, e.g., alpha 1-antitrypsin with neurons and glia, and transferrin and alpha 2HS-glycoprotein with neurons, glia, and endothelial cells. Comparison of the expression of mRNAs from fetal brain and liver injected into Xenopus oocytes showed that a few proteins (transferrin and ceruloplasmin) were secreted when liver mRNA was injected, but not when brain mRNA was injected. This suggests that there may be an important difference in the structure and/or processing of these proteins in the brain which may reflect a function different from that associated with them when they originate from the liver. Staining was generally intracellular rather than extracellular; plasma proteins were not associated with the areas immediately around blood vessels although there was a strong immunoprecipitation for each protein within the lumen of cerebral blood vessels. These immunocytochemical findings together with the identification of mRNAs for a large number of plasma proteins in immature brain are discussed in relation to animal experimental work which suggests that the blood-brain barrier to protein is present even at very early stages of brain development.
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PMID:Synthesis and localization of plasma proteins in the developing human brain. Integrity of the fetal blood-brain barrier to endogenous proteins of hepatic origin. 328 86

Fifteen centres collaborated in a study to determine the value of amniotic fluid acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) electrophoresis in the diagnosis of fetal open neural-tube defects (NTDs) between 13 and 24 weeks of gestation among women with positive amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) results. Pregnancies with positive amniotic fluid AFP results were identified from about 34 000 tested; on average they had values greater than the 99.6th percentile for non-NTD pregnancies. Amniotic fluid samples were available from 1099 pregnancies with positive AFP results, and the percentages which yielded positive AChE results were as follows: anencephaly 99.6% (476/478); open spina bifida 99.4% (333/335); non-NTD pregnancies (i) without serious malformation and not ending in miscarriage 6% (8/125), (ii) without serious malformation but ending in miscarriage 47% (34/73), (iii) exomphalos 75% (47/63), (iv) congenital nephrosis 0% (0/11), (v) other serious malformations 50% (7/14). The gel-AChE test was thus found to be very effective when applied to amniotic fluid samples with positive AFP results, substantially reducing the number of false positives with only a very small loss in the detection of open neural-tube defects. Among women with positive amniotic fluid AFP results, the risk of having a fetus with an open NTD compared to having one without a serious malformation or a miscarriage is raised about 16-fold if the AchE test is also positive. The actual risk will depend on the birth prevalence and the reason for amniocentesis. For example, in the U.K. the risk of open spina bifida (expressed as an odds ratio) when both the amniotic fluid AFP result and the gel AChE results are positive would be as follows for women referred for amniocentesis in different categories; approximately 288:1 for those referred because of single raised serum AFP level (greater than or equal to 2.5 time the normal median at 16-18 weeks of gestation, 80:1 for women referred because of having previously had an infant with an NTD, and 8:1 for women referred for other reasons. It the amniotic fluid sample is stained with blood which is mainly fetal in origin, the corresponding odds are much lower (36:1, 10:1, and 1:1 respectively): if it is not blood-stained or is stained mainly with maternal blood, they are higher (954:1, 265:1, and 26:1 respectively).
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PMID:Amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase electrophoresis as a secondary test in the diagnosis of anencephaly and open spina bifida in early pregnancy. Report of the Collaborative acetylcholinesterase Study. 611 8

Amniotic fluid total cholinesterase (ChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities have been measured in 404 pregnancies without fetal malformation and 79 pregnancies associated with open neural-tube defects (NTDs). Neither measurement, either alone or in combination, gave complete separation of the two groups. However, measurement of ChE can be used to assess the probability that a woman is carrying a fetus with an open NTD. Since ChE can be measured within 15 minutes and shows at least 70% of women selected for amniocentesis by serum alpha-fetoprotein screening to have a less than 1 in 100 chance of carrying a fetus with an open NTD, we suggest that this test may be used in an amniocentesis clinic both to reassure women with normal pregnancies and to select probable abnormalities for immediate further investigation.
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PMID:Amniotic fluid cholinesterase measurement as a rapid method for the exclusion of fetal neural tube defects. 611 9


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