Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (30 g, 5 min, constant rate) were performed in 8 IDDM patients and in 8 controls. The consequences of the osmotic pressure, induced by glucose, were investigated. Serum choline esterase was used as an endogenous marker of serum dilution. Five minutes after the end of infusion plasma glucose was raised by 182 +/- 12 mg.dl-1 in patients and by 189 +/- 6 mg.dl-1 in controls. Choline esterase values decreased by 6.6 +/- 0.8% and 6.3 +/- 1.0% respectively, P less than 0.01 each. Calculated water shifts into the extracellular space were 924 +/- 112 ml and 882 +/- 140 ml respectively. Fifteen minutes after the end of infusion glucose decreased by 32 +/- 1 mg.dl-1 in IDDM patients and by 57 +/- 2 mg-1 in controls. Serum choline esterase recovered by 2.6 +/- 0.2% and 2.7 +/- 0.2% respectively, P less than 0.01 each, indicating comparable water correction in spite of the slower fall of glucose in IDDM patients. Water correction was more rapid than glucose fall. Diuresis (46 +/- 4 ml versus 42 +/- 3 ml) or cellular uptake of serum solutes (electrolytes, amino acids, urea, creatinine) could not explain this. It is hypothesized that accumulation of free intracellular glucose reduces the osmotic gradient and facilitates cellular water re-uptake.
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PMID:Osmotic stress due to changes in plasma glucose and its regulation in IDDM patients. 152 25

The effect of dichlorvos on inducing changes in blood esterase activities and systemic toxicity was investigated following single topical applications of 1, 3 or 6% dichlorvos concentrations to male calves. Dichlorvos at 1% concentration did not produce any signs of toxicity, whereas 3 and 6% concentrations induced mild to severe toxicity characteristic of anticholinesterase poisoning. Dichlorvos at all concentrations significantly inhibited erythrocyte cholinesterase (25-75%), plasma cholinesterase (30-85%), and serum carboxylesterase (15-51%) activities in male calves. The dose-dependent inhibition was maximum 12 h after insecticide exposure. The extent of inactivation of blood esterases was not correlated with the severity of toxicity. Inhibition of blood cholinesterases by the 6% dichlorvos was still present 21 d after the dichlorvos exposure.
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PMID:The influence of single topical application of dichlorvos on blood esterases and toxicity in male calves. 160 93

Paraoxon and chlorpyrifos-oxon, the active metabolites of the organophosphorus insecticides parathion and chlorpyrifos, respectively, are hydrolyzed by an "A"-esterase, paraoxonase, which is present in the sera of several mammalian species. In this study, we investigated whether levels of serum paraoxonase activity in laboratory animals can influence the in vivo toxicity of paraoxon and chlorpyrifos-oxon. Paraoxonase was found to be 7-fold higher in rabbit serum than in rat serum. The dose of paraoxon required to produce similar signs of toxicity and similar degrees of cholinesterase inhibition in rats and rabbits (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg, respectively) differed by 4-fold. Paraoxonase was then purified from rabbit serum and 8.35 units was injected in the tail veins of rats, increasing the peak hydrolytic activity of rat serum by 9-fold toward paraoxon and by 50-fold toward chlorpyrifos-oxon. The increase in serum paraoxonase/chlorpyrifos-oxonase activity was long-lasting, with a 2- and 10-fold increase, respectively, still present after 24 hr. Thirty minutes following enzyme injection, rats were challenged with an acute dose of paraoxon or chlorpyrifos-oxon given by the intravenous, intraperitoneal, dermal, or oral route. Cholinesterase activities were measured in plasma, red blood cells, brain, and diaphragm after 4 hr. Rats pretreated with paraoxonase exhibited less inhibition of cholinesterase than vehicle-treated controls following identical doses of paraoxon, particularly when the organophosphate was given iv or dermally. A very high degree of protection, particularly toward brain and diaphragm cholinesterase, was provided by paraoxonase pretreatment in animals challenged with chlorpyrifos-oxon by all routes. These results indicate that levels of serum paraoxonase activity can affect the toxicity of paraoxon and chlorpyrifos-oxon.
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PMID:Serum paraoxonase and its influence on paraoxon and chlorpyrifos-oxon toxicity in rats. 169 Apr 62

A report is given on a 66-year-old man suffering from serum cholinesterase anenzymia. The following tests were performed to characterize the genetic pseudo-cholinesterase variants: plasma cholinesterase activity using benzoyldicholine as substrate (according to Kalow) and dibucaine and sodium fluoride as inhibiting substances. In addition, polyacrylamide density gradient gel electrophoresis followed by esterase staining technique (Mascall) was used for the electrophoretic separation of cholinesterase isoenzymes. Similarly, the only daughter's and the granddaughter's sera were analyzed. Determination of activity and inhibitor numbers indicated that the propositus had the homozygote "silent gene" genotype (A = 2, DN = 0, FN = 0). The granddaughter showed an isoenzyme constellation within normal ranges (A = 128, DN = 80, FN = 58); for the daughter apparently normal values were also found for activity and inhibitor numbers (A = 73, DN = 82, FN = 58). Figure 1 shows the results of electrophoretic separation from the sera tested and Fig. 2 results obtained by densitometric assessment. Electrophoretic separation and the zymogram obtained from the propositus' serum show only sample peak and albumin fractions. In contrast, the granddaughter's serum turned out to be absolutely normal. In the daughter's sample, however, three cholinesterase components normally found in serum were missing, as also shown by densitometry. Despite apparently normal activity and rather insignificant inhibitor numbers, gradient gel electrophoresis clearly revealed her to be a heterozygote carrier of the silent gene Es variant. As our data are in accordance with results obtained by other investigators, this observation cannot be regarded as exceptional.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[A case of serum cholinesterase anenzymia]. 175 35

The distribution pattern of cholinesterase activity in the basal forebrain region was examined in five human brains without any history of neurologic or psychiatric disorders. Complete sets of serial sections allowed a three-dimensional reconstruction of this region. The intensity grading and the distribution pattern of the specific and non-specific cholinesterase activity was depicted diagramatically. The distribution pattern of cholinesterase activity in the supracommissural striatum demonstrated the well-known striosomal configuration, particularly in the head of the caudate nucleus. Within this nucleus caudatus the striosomes appeared connected with a subventricular zone of low acetylcholinesterase-activity. Bands of very high activity could be demonstrated from the dorsolateral and ventral areas of the caudate nucleus to the lateral border of the putamen and the commissural and subcommissural division of the ventral striatum. The distribution pattern of cholinesterase activity in the subcommissural region showed very close correlation to the cytomorphological subdivisions of the striatum as defined by Brockhaus (1942). In addition to his topographic description it was possible to define the tuberculum olfactorium and several subdivisions of the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis. The inhibition of non-specific esterase activity by ISO-OMPA in the globus pallidus allowed distinction between striatal and pallidal components. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the terminal islands revealed several types, which were named according to their topography as insulae substriatales, -subventriculares, -olfactoriae, -magnae, and -interstitiales. Characteristically, the core of these islands consisted of clusters of tightly packed, extremely high acetylcholinesterase-positive cells. Cholinesterase activity of the surrounding rim region ranged from negative to strongly positive depending on the position and type of the island. The findings suggest that the islands represent derivatives of the fundus striati region as defined by Brockhaus and are connected to the dorsal striatum by means of cellular bridges.
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PMID:[Cholinesterase activity in the human striatum with special consideration of the terminal islands]. 177 33

Time and dose dependency of paraoxon-induced myopathy in rats was studied in relation to esterase inhibition and clinical symptoms. High-dose poisoning resulted in a major cholinergic crisis with concomitant acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the first few hours with rapid restoration thereafter. Dose-dependent segmental muscle fiber necrosis occurred in clusters around the end-plates and was more frequent in diaphragms as compared to gastrocnemius muscles. However, in low-dose poisoned rats without major cholinergic symptoms or end-plate cholinesterase inhibition, necrotic fibers were also present. This indicates that not only end-plate cholinesterase inhibition but also neural or neuronal factors might be responsible for acetylcholine overflow and muscle fiber degeneration.
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PMID:Histological and histochemical study of paraoxon myopathy in the rat. 178 Dec 62

In the structures of the nucleus supraopticus, changes of the activity of some enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, thiamine pyrophosphatase, butyrylcholinesterase, succinate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) were studied in rat brains exposed to high supralethal doses of gamma radiation at early time interval after irradiation. The activity of alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase increased in the wall of blood capillaries after irradiation with 50, 150, 500 Gy. The dose of 500 Gy induced the most pronounced activity. These membrane enzymes are highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. The activity of acid phosphatase, acid nonspecific esterase and thiamine pyrophosphatase increased in magnocellular neurons after irradiation with all doses of gamma radiation. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase showed a decreased activity in neurons, neuropil and capillaries.
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PMID:Effect of ionizing radiation on the nucleus supraopticus. 183 85

Newly fertilized Bufo arenarum Hensel embryos were exposed continuously or for a brief period (72-120 hr) to malathion (44 ppm) and then resuspended in amphibian Ringer's solution. Continuous exposure depressed acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7), butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) and carboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1) activities. The activities of the three enzymes in embryos treated for 72 hr recovered after a delay of 24 hr, but these enzymes showed different rates of recovery in embryos treated for 120 hr. Acrylamide disc electrophoresis showed several bands of esterase activity in control embryos. Continuous exposure to malathion abolished all esterase activity within 48 hr, but if the exposure continued new bands of esterase activity appeared at 120 hr of exposure. The zymograms of embryos exposed for 72 or 120 hr to malathion and then transferred to uncontaminated medium for 120 hr were similar to that of control embryos.
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PMID:Effect of malathion on Bufo arenarum Hensel development--I. Esterase inhibition and recovery. 190 4

In order to define metabolic profiles of smooth muscle cell (SMC) modulation, 16 enzyme activities linked to nucleotide hydrolysis, lipolysis, lysosomal reactivity and intermediate glucose catabolism were compared in four rat arterial models, exhibiting four metabolic phenotypes of modulated smooth muscle cells: (i) "primary synthetic" statein immature aorta; (ii) "contractile" state in adult aorta; (iii) "hypertensive" state in aorta of hypertensive rat, SHR; (iiii) "secondary synthetic" state in diffuse intimal thickening of ligated carotid artery. Contractile SMC presented strong activities of enzymes linked to nucleotide ester hydrolysis and contractility (ATP-A-Ca, ATP-A-Mg, ATP-A-Ca/Mg, 5'nucleotidase) and to lipolytic process (butyryl cholinesterase, acid esterase). These enzyme activities were more pronounced in "hypertensive SMC". Incontrast, the same enzymes were weakly active or not expressed in "synthetic SMC". Increased lysosomal enzyme reactivity was a particular expression of "secondary synthetic SMC". The observed enzyme abnormalities in reactively modulated SMC (proliferative-synthetic phenotype) might be related to the loss of contractility and to the enhanced cell proliferation and lipid accumulation, characteristic features of modulated SMC in atherogenesis.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemical expressions of smooth muscle cell modulation in arterial development, hypertension and remodeling. 193 22

Esterase-27A (ES-27A) was characterized in strain A/WySnA by a cascade of seven bands seen after disc electrophoresis of serum and subsequent staining for esterase. ES-27A catalyses the hydrolysis of thiocholine butyrate and is strongly inhibited by 100 microM tetraisopropyl pyrophosphamide (isoOMPA). Hence, the enzyme was concluded to be a cholinesterase EC 3.1.1.8. A heat-labile form termed ES-27B was represented by strain AKR/Han. From a three-point cross (AKR/Han, A/Wy) and a five-point cross (AKR/Han, SEG/1), the gene order on chromosome 3 was concluded to be centromere-Car-2-Es-26-Es-27-Amy-1-Adh-1.
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PMID:Biochemical and genetic characterization of esterase-27 (ES-27), the major plasma cholinesterase of the house mouse (Mus musculus). 204 Apr 56


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