Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We developed an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) for quantitation of plasma cholinesterase substance concentrations in native plasma or serum samples. The ELISA assay is based on polyclonal (rabbit) antihuman cholinesterase and a highly specific monoclonal (mouse) antibody, with a commercially available peroxidase-conjugated (rabbit) antibody directed against mouse immunoglobulins as the signal carrier. The detected serum cholinesterase substance concentrations (mean: 4.51 mg/l, SD: 0.90 mg/l) in randomly selected serum samples from 33 healthy individuals were closely and linearly related to the corresponding catalytic activity concentrations.
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PMID:Enzyme immunoassay of human cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8). Comparison of immunoreactive substance concentration with catalytic activity concentration in randomly selected serum samples from healthy individuals. 219 3

A fluorometric assay using 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid (HPPA) was conducted to determine the activity of pseudocholinesterase (ChE) [Enzyme Commission (EC) No. 3.1.1.8] in postmortem blood samples so as to test for organophosphate poisoning. By the enzymatic reaction of ChE, its substrate, benzoylcholine, produces choline, which is oxidized by choline oxidase to generate hydrogen peroxide. HPPA is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase to become the fluorogenic dimer whose concentration is measured fluorometrically at an excitation emission wavelength of 320 nm and an elimination emission wavelength of 404 nm. The selectivity and sensitivity of the present method were found to be superior to those of conventional pH and spectrophotometric methods.
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PMID:Fluorometric determination of pseudocholinesterase activity in postmortem blood samples. 226 69

Light and electron microscopic peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry has been used to localize choline acetyltransferase, substance P and enkephalin in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat. Choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity was observed in motoneurone cell bodies and proximal dendrites, in large varicosities in the surrounding neuropil and in nerve terminals in synaptic contact with immunostained motoneurones. Most choline acetyltransferase immunostained terminals which made synaptic contact with motoneurone cell bodies and proximal dendrites possessed prominent subsynaptic cisterns and belong to the terminal type referred to in the literature as C or L. Substance P and enkephalin immunoreactivity did not occur in motoneurones but was seen in fibres and synaptic terminals. Substance P immunoreactive fibres made multiple axosomatic contacts while enkephalin immunoreactive terminals made synaptic contact mainly with large and small dendrites. C terminals were not stained for either substance P or enkephalin. This study provides immunocytochemical support for the classic identification of hypoglossal motoneurones as cholinergic and in addition shows that these neurones are innervated by a number of morphologically and chemically distinct terminal types. C terminals have previously been shown to contain cholinesterase and our demonstration that these terminals contain choline acetyltransferase thus provides additional evidence for their cholinergic nature and for a cholinergic innervation of hypoglossal motoneurones. The origin of the immunoreactive terminals was not identified in this study but possible candidates include the raphe nuclei for substance P. and propriobulbar interneurones for choline acetyltransferase.
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PMID:Inputs to motoneurones in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat: light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry for choline acetyltransferase, substance P and enkephalins using monoclonal antibodies. 242 Nov 99

Golgi, Nissl, Bielschowsky and cholinesterase techniques have been used to analyze the optic tectum of the weakly electric teleost fish Eigenmannia virescens and Apteronotus leptorhynchus. Six layers are readily distinguished: a fairly thick stratum marginale, a narrow stratum opticum and stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale, a well-developed stratum griseum centrale, a stratum album centrale and a compact stratum periventriculare. Fifty-six neuronal types are present. In regard to comparative aspects of tectal organization, it became apparent that although most neuronal types are similar to those reported in other teleostean fish, there are certain obvious differences such as: pyramidal cell somata not confined to stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale, but also clustered in the adjacent stratum opticum, presenting stratified or diffuse basilar dendritic arbors; and a change from vertical to oblique and almost horizontal neuronal orientation in the ventral and caudal tectum. The presence of pyramidal cells with aligned and misaligned apical and basal dendritic fields. A cell of stratum griseum centrale with an ascending axon to stratum opticum. A special projection type of fusiform cell of stratum griseum centrale, with an efferent axon of somatic origin. A cell rich stratum griseum centrale, with a wider variety of multipolar and bipolar cell population than reported in other teleosts. Fourteen types of pyriform cells are present, four of which are efferent. Our observations are suggestive of regional differences in regard to the caudalmost tectum in Apteronotus: presumably this is related to the extremely sparse retinal input to this part of the tectum. A close functional correlation has been found between some multipolar and pyriform cells identified in our material with similar cells reported by Rose and Heiligenberg as multisensory cells, following recordings and horseradish peroxidase fillings of these cells. Based on the observation of patchy torus semicircularis input to stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale, disjunct from the retinal input to this layer, it is proposed that perhaps this arrangement is the result of competition for synaptic targets during development.
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PMID:The optic tectum of gymnotiform teleosts Eigenmannia virescens and Apteronotus leptorhynchus: a Golgi study. 242 30

The compartmental organization of the amygdalostriatal projection was studied in the cat by comparing staining patterns seen by cholinesterase enzyme histochemistry with the distribution of fibers labelled with a horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin conjugate or by incorporation of 35S-methionine or 3H-leucine. Fibers from the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala were found to innervate selectively acetylcholinesterase-poor striosomes demonstrated in the caudate nucleus and butyrylcholinesterase-rich zones observed in the anterodorsal nucleus accumbens. In no case were the amygdalar fibers fully restricted to striosomes, but the nature and degree of labelling of the striatal matrix, as well as the range of the labelled fibers in dorsal striatum, varied with the positions of the injection sites.
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PMID:Fibers from the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala selectively innervate striosomes in the caudate nucleus of the cat. 245 35

Central to the postulated relationship between the brain and the immune system has been evidence for the direct neural innervation of primary organs of the immune system. It has been reported previously that the thymus gland in rats and mice receives a substantial innervation from the "retrofacial" nucleus of the brain stem and ventral horn cells of the upper cervical spinal cord. Based on the proximity of the thymus to thoracic viscera and neck musculature known to receive motor fibers from these same areas of the brain stem and spinal cord, we examined the possibility that retrogradely labeled cells in the brain stem and spinal cord following injections of tracers into the thymus are due to spread of tracer into the esophagus and neck musculature. Small injections (0.5-2.0 microliter) of wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were made into the thymus, the esophagus, and the longus colli muscle of rats or mice. Also, the effects of a unilateral cervical vagotomy on cholinesterase activity in the thymus were examined. Finally, the source of the sympathetic supply to the thymus and the presence of catecholamine and cholinesterasic fibers in the thymus was reassessed. Injections of WGA-HRP into the thymus produced little or no labeling in the brain stem and spinal cord. In contrast, control injections into the esophageal wall resulted in numerous intensely labeled cells in the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus, irrespective of the rostral-caudal level of the esophageal injection. Similarly, tracer injections into the longus colli muscle resulted in numerous intensely labeled cells in the ventral horn of the upper cervical spinal cord. Unilateral vagotomy did not alter cholinesterase activity in the thymus even though it was largely depleted in the ipsilateral nucleus ambiguus. The histochemical studies verified a major sympathetic innervation of the thymus gland. In keeping with this result, in animals in which no labeled cells were observed in the brain stem or spinal cord following thymus injection, labeled cells were, however, observed in the sympathetic chains from the superior cervical ganglia caudal to the T3 ganglia. In summary, all labeled cells in the brain stem and cervical spinal cord observed following tracer injections into the thymus can be accounted for by spread of the tracer into surrounding structures, leading to spurious labeling.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Re-investigation of the innervation of the thymus gland in mice and rats. 245 93

Laboratory and clinical evidence of the inhibition of plasma cholinesterase by metoclopramide was demonstrated. When succinylcholine is used as the substrate and the product choline assayed by choline oxidase-peroxidase-quinone dye colorimetry, the rate of the choline production as optical density change was reduced to 50% by 19.5 X 10(-6) M metoclopramide at 20 degrees C. Prolongation of neuromuscular blockade produced by concurrent administration of succinylcholine and metoclopramide was studied in 22 patients aged between 18 and 40 years undergoing elective gynecological surgery. EMG activity in the adductor pollicis muscle was recorded in response to a train-of-four (TOF) stimulus delivered every 10 s. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: A and B. In both groups, anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with sufentanil and nitrous oxide. Tracheal intubation followed intravenous succinylcholine. Intraoperatively, after returning of neuromuscular function, patients in both groups received 20 mg succinylcholine for the determination of duration of neuromuscular blockade. Time from 95% suppression of baseline twitch following a 20 mg increment of succinylcholine until recovery to 25% of control activity was determined. Thereafter, in group A, patients receive metoclopramide (10 mg iv) followed by succinylcholine 20 mg iv, and patients in group B received succinylcholine 20 mg iv alone. Recovery times were again measured and found to be prolonged in patients receiving metoclopramide compared with those not receiving metoclopramide (P less than 0.05). Metoclopramide has no intrinsic neuromuscular blocking activity, but its ability to inhibit plasma cholinesterase probably is the mechanism by which it prolongs succinylcholine block. Reducing the dose of succinylcholine may be appropriate when metoclopramide is given concurrently.
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PMID:Prolongation of succinylcholine block by metoclopramide. 265 89

Murine embryonic cells including yolk sac prepared from 8-day embryos were co-infected with Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) and/or a recombinant retrovirus containing large T and small t antigens, and early region of simian virus 40 (M-SV40). By coinfection with A-MuLV and M-SV40, megakaryoblastic cells were obtained in addition to mast cells and fibroblastic cells. However, following infection with A-MuLV or M-SV40 alone, no megakaryoblastic cells were detected, although mast cells and/or fibroblastic cells developed. The same results were obtained in several experiments. By single-cell transfer, 6 acetyl-cholinesterase (AchE)-positive clonal cell lines were established. Characteristics of megakaryocytes, such as AchE, glycoproteins IIb and IIIa, and platelet peroxidase were detected in two representative cells (C1 and C8). More significant changes expressing differentiation were observed following treatment with phorbol myristate acetate or pokeweed mitogen-stimulated murine spleen cell conditioned medium, although release of platelets was not observed. This is the first report showing development of megakaryocytic cells as the result of coinfection with retroviruses.
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PMID:Establishment of megakaryoblastic cell lines by coinfection of Abelson murine leukemia virus and recombinant SV40-retrovirus. 284 81

Using a monoclonal antibody to bromodeoxyuridine, we studied the cell kinetics of human hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis and alcoholic liver fibrosis. Specimens were taken either by biopsy or surgery and immediately incubated with 0.1% bromodeoxyuridine solution at 37 degrees C for 45 min. After in vitro labeling, the bromodeoxyuridine taken up by the nuclei of S-phase cells was determined by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method, using an anti-bromodeoxyuridine monoclonal antibody as the first antibody. The number of positive nuclei in 1,000 hepatic cells was counted, and the bromodeoxyuridine labeling index was expressed per thousand. The mean bromodeoxyuridine labeling index +/- S.D. of the cancerous portion of hepatocellular carcinoma, the noncancerous portion of hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis and alcoholic liver fibrosis were 64.1 +/- 31.3, 33.6 +/- 14.4, 23.2 +/- 20.8, 9.1 +/- 6.1 and 21.6 +/- 13.0, respectively. The mean bromodeoxyuridine labeling index of the hepatocellular carcinoma cancerous portion was statistically higher than that of any other group. There was no statistical difference by the t test or the Wilcoxon test between the noncancerous portion of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis, and these two groups were proved interdependent by chi 2 test (Fisher's exact test), whether they were subdivided by bromodeoxyuridine labeling index greater than or equal to 10 or not. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling index was not significantly correlated with the usual biochemical parameters such as serum AST, ALT, gamma-GTP, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, cholinesterase, albumin, and alpha-fetoprotein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:S-phase cells in diseased human liver determined by an in vitro BrdU-anti-BrdU method. 284 68

A two-step colorimetric method that overcomes the difficulties of the classic 240 nm benzoylcholine assay for plasma cholinesterase has been adapted to a Cobas-Fara centrifugal analyser, using choline oxidase coupled with peroxidase/phenol/aminoantipyrine for detection of the choline produced. Reaction conditions of the main reaction are identical to those of the classical benzoylcholine assay. The described method was applied to 105 selected serum samples, previously classified by the Danish Cholinesterase Research Unit as homo- or heterozygous for the usual (U), atypical (A), fluoride-resistant (F), or silent (S) allelic variants. The method showed a distinct separation of the various phenotypes, with catalytic activity concentrations, dibucaine numbers, and fluoride numbers directly comparable to established reference values of the manual 240 nm benzoylcholine method.
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PMID:Plasma cholinesterase genetic variants phenotyped using a Cobas-Fara centrifugal analyser. 323 60


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