Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
 12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recent work has shown that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), one of the many candidate hormones of the gut, also occurs widely in neurones. To determine whether the neuronal peptide may have a neurotransmitter function, we studied changes in immunoreactive VIP in dog plasma and human cerebrospinal fluid after the infusion of choline esterase inhibitors (neostigmine and physostigmine, respectively). Immunoreactive VIP was released in both situations. The systemic changes (in VIP levels) were enhanced five weeks after portacaval shunting in dogs. Our results demonstrate that the immunoreactive VIP level increases as a result of choline esterase inhibitors. The plasma "release" may originate either from peripheral peptidinergic nerve terminals or from APUD cells of the gastroenteropancreatic system. The increase in immunoreactive cerebrospinal fluid VIP may very well originate from central neurons, since the peptide does not apparently cross the blood-brain barrier.
 ...
PMID:Release of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the central nervous system in man. 3 6

The following parameters have been estimated in 15 red partridges (young adults of both sexes): 1. Biometry: relative weight of 10 organs (liver, kidneys, heart, brain, spleen, lungs, small gut, coecum, stomach, gizzard). 2. Hematology (mean +/- S.D.): Erythrocytes, 3.4 X 10(6) +/- 0.3 X 10(6) cells/mm3; packed cell volume 0.46 +/- 0.17; haemoglobin 103 +/- 27 g/l; mean red blood cell volume, 135.6 +/- 10.4 micrometer3; haemoglobin per red blood cell, 32.2 +/- 5,2 pg; haemoglobin concentration in red blood cells, 24.0 +/- 2.9 %; leukocytes, 36.9 X 10(3) +/- 7.8 X 10(3) cells/mm3; heterophilic, 32.3 +/- 8.3 %; basophilic, 5.3 +/- 1.5 %; eosinophilic, 1.4 +/- 1.5 %; lymphocytes, 56.1 +/- 7.3 %; monocytes, 4.6 +/- 1.4 %. 3. Blood biochemistry: Na +, 155 +/- 6 mEq/l; K +, 6.5 +/- 1.2 MEq/l; Cl--, 107 +/- 4 mEq/l; Pi, 53.3 +/- 14.4 mg/l; urea, 0.19 +/- 0.05 g/l; uric acid, 33.2 +/- mg/l; creatinin, 14.7 +/- 0.9 mg/l; glucose, 2.77 +/- 0.35 g/l; cholesterol, 1.38 +/- 0.36 g/l; total proteins, 44.1 +/- 5.9 g/l; albumin, 50.0 +/- 8.7 %; alpha globulins, 3.9 +/- 1.5 %; beta globulins, 7.5 +/- 2.2 %; gamma1 globulins, 31.5 +/- 5.6 %; gamma2 globulins 8.0 +/- 3.5 %. 4. Serum enzymology: Alkaline phosphatase, 8177 +/- 5078 u/l; SGOT, 356 +/- 138 u/l; SGTP 28.3 +/- 12.5 m/l; LDH, 955 +/- 570 m/l; GLD 12.6 +/- 12.4 u/l; CPD, 136 +/- 77 u/l; choline esterase, 2181 +/- 506 u/l. 5. Tissue enzymology: the 7 preceding enzymes have been estimated in 10 tissues listed in 1.
 ...
PMID:[Biometry, hematology, plasma biochemistry and plasma and tissues enzymology of the red partridge (Alectoris rufa) (author's transl]. 60 40

The enteric nerve plexuses of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) were investigated in sections and stretch preparations by means of the cholinesterase and glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical techniques. Cholinesterase-positive and varicose and non-varicose fluorescent nerve fibers were distributed at all levels of the gut in myenteric, submucosal, muscle and mucosal plexuses, and in a perivascular plexus. The density of the innervation and the detailed distribution of the nerves varied in different parts of the intestinal tract. All nerve plexuses appeared to be best developed in the rectum. Whereas the circular muscle coat contained a substantial number of nerves at all levels of the gut, the longitudinal coat was well innervated only in the rectum. The major portion of the mucosal plexus appeared to be associated with the intestinal glands. The nerve cell bodies were restricted to the myenteric and submucosal plexuses and were mainly cholinesterase-positive. Fluorescent ganglion cells were not observed. Pretreatment of stretch preparations with NADH: Nitro BT to stain ganglion cells showed that the majority of the cells were surrounded by a meshwork of fluorescent varicose fibres, although none of the fibres appeared to be associated with individual cells. The perivascular plexus was mainly associated with the arteries. The functional significance of the innervation is discussed.
 ...
PMID:Avian enteric nerve plexuses. A histochemical study. 65 58

1. A cholinesterase activity was shown to be present in the homogenates of the gut mucosal cells from seven mammal species examined. 2. The distribution of the cholinesterase activity in the mucosal cells along the intestine differs from one species to another. This distribution is not correlated with that of the aminopeptidase which is a specific marker of the enterocyte plasma membranes. 3. Except rabbit, all the other species contain a (G4) globular tetrameric form and either a (G1) monomeric form (pig, ox) or a (G2) dimeric form (mouse, rat, sheep). Both (G1) and (G2) forms are found with the (G4) form in the mucosal cells of kitten and cat. The solubility characteristics of these various forms were studied by sucrose gradient centrifugations in the presence and the absence of 1% Triton X-100. 4. The mucosal cells from the studied species essentially possess either acetylcholinesterase (rabbit, kitten, cat) or butyrylcholinesterase (ox, pig, sheep, rat, mouse). These findings indicate that both enzymes probably present identical physiological functions in this cell type.
 ...
PMID:Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the gut mucosal cells of various mammal species: distribution along the intestine and molecular forms. 290 75

The innervation of Rana ridibunda esophagus myenteric plexuses has been studied by the following methods: demonstration of cholinesterase activity; FIF method for catecholamines; immunohistochemistry for VIP, SP and SOM, and conventional electron microscopy. The cholinergic innervation is important in the esophagus wall where, in addition to the well known extrinsic component, there is a rich intrinsic plexus with cells and fibres widely distributed. The esophagus, together with the intestine, are the Rana gut portions where the adrenergic component is more broadly expressed. The adrenergic innervation seems to be almost entirely of extrinsic origin. We have shown that, for the tested peptides, there is an intrinsic innervation represented by VIP, SP and SOM like plexuses. We do not discard nonetheless an extrinsic component. The ultrastructure reveals the morphological characteristics of the enteric neurons as well as the fine inter-relationships between the nervous elements and the functional components of the esophagic wall.
 ...
PMID:Intrinsic and extrinsic innervation of the amphibians esophagic myenteric plexuses. 298 Feb 16

Aldicarb, 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde-O-methylcarbamoyloxime, is an oxime carbamate insecticide manufactured by the Union Carbide Corporation and sold under the trade name Temik. It is a soil-applied systemic pesticide used against certain insects, mites, and nematodes, and is applied below the soil surface for absorption by plant roots. It is generally applied to the soil in the form of 5, 10, or 15% granules, and soil moisture is essential for the release of the toxicant. Uptake by plants is rapid. Aldicarb is currently registered for use on cotton, sugar beets, sugar cane (Louisiana only), potatoes, sweet potatoes, peanuts, oranges, pecans (Southeast only), dry beans, soybeans, and ornamental plants. Home and garden use is not permitted. Discovery of aldicarb and its oxidative sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites in well or ground water in Florida, Wisconsin, and New York, and accidental poisonings from ingesting contaminated watermelons and cucumbers in the South and West have spurred interest and concern about this pesticide. The primary mechanism of toxic action of aldicarb is cholinesterase inhibition. However, unlike the relatively irreversible anticholinesterase activity of the organophosphate pesticides, the carbamylation process which produces the anti-AChE action is quickly reversible. Aldicarb is readily absorbed through both the gut and the skin, but is rapidly metabolized and excreted in the urine almost completely within 24 hr. Although it is acutely toxic to humans and laboratory animals, aldicarb is not known to be carcinogenic, teratogenic, conclusively mutagenic, or to produce other long-term adverse health effects. In cases of accidental poisoning, the cholinergic symptoms have generally subsided within 6 hr, with no side effects or complications.
 ...
PMID:The toxicologic effects of the carbamate insecticide aldicarb in mammals: a review. 330 99

1. The earliest components of the developing innervation of the rabbit intestine to be detected in this study were the cholinergic excitatory and the intrinsic inhibitory innervation. These developed simultaneously in the rabbit at 17 days of gestation. Both were also present in the mouse by the 16th day of gestation. Responsiveness of rabbit tissue to exogenous acetylcholine appeared together with the advent of a functional cholinergic innervation. Since excitatory responses were potentiated by eserine, the tissue was probably able to inactivate acetylcholine through hydrolysis mediated by cholinesterase. Early relaxant responses resisted blockade by adrenergic neurone blocking agents and by antagonists active at alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors.2. The development of the adrenergic innervation lagged far behind that of the other two components. Specific uptake of noradrenaline in the rabbit was detected for the first time at the 21st day of gestation and stores of noradrenaline could not be detected histochemically until 26-28 days. However, relaxant responses to stimulation of the perivascular sympathetic supply, such as characterize adult tissues, had not yet developed by the time of birth. Relaxation in response to perivascular stimulation could be seen 30 days after birth.3. Morphologic studies indicated that the longitudinal layer of smooth muscle was very primitive when an effective innervation was established. Although contractile, the cells were still myoblasts. Neural elements also appeared primitive. Thus considerable morphological maturation follows the development both of a functioning contractile machinery and innervation in the foetal gut.4. This study helps establish that the intrinsic inhibitory innervation of the gut is not adrenergic.
 ...
PMID:The maturation of neuromuscular function in a multiply innervated structure: development of the longitudinal smooth muscle of the foetal mammalian gut and its cholinergic excitatory, adrenergic inhibitory, and non-adrenergic inhibitory innervation. 414 80

Two groups of male Wistar rats weighing about 140 (WI) and 200 g (WII) and a group of Sprague-Dawley (S.D.) rats (140 g) received oral disulfiram 220-580 mg/kg (DSF) daily for one or three weeks. Isolated ilea of both control and treated rats showed similar responses to acetylcholine, but the responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were decreased after one and three weeks' treatment in the WI and SD rats. Pretreatment with reserpine intensified this effect in treated WI rats. A distinct decrease in the histochemical reactivity for the acetylcholinesterase and the non-specific cholinesterase was observed in the nerve plexuses of the gut wall indicating a DSF-induced nerve damage. Autonomic (cholinergic) nerves seemed thus to be affected by DSF. The two rats strains studied did not differ in their responses to 5-HT.
 ...
PMID:Neurotoxic effects of disulfiram on autonomic nervous system in rat. 652 6

Intraluminal pressure studies on patients with congenital aganglionosis showed that the aganglionic rectum contracted in an uncoordinated manner and failed to relax. Histochemical assessment of the innervation helped to explain the variable severity of the symptoms in this condition. It is concluded that (1) absence of ganglia prevents normal coordinated peristalsis and creates an obstructive element; (2) absence of reflex relaxation adds to the obstruction; (3) the degree of uncoordinated motor activity in distal aganglionic bowel probably relates to the number of cholinesterase-positive nerves in the circular muscle and adds another variable obstructive element; and (4) deficient innervation of distal ganglionic bowel probably creates a poor propulsive force and so accentuates more distal obstructive factors. Neurohistochemical and functional studies in the anorectum of cats reveal a somewhat different innervation pattern from that in humans but show that sphincteric tone is mainly due to alpha-adrenergic neural activity. Reflex relaxation of the internal anal sphincter is a complex function in which inhibitory responses override motor responses, and it involves an important non-adrenergic non-cholinergic component. The role of cholinergic nerves in the sphincter remains uncertain. Neurohistochemical assessment of full thickness biopsy specimens of rectal muscle from patients with disabling constipation shows that developmental neuronal dysplasias of the hind-gut may be divided into three main categories: (1) aganglionosis (Hirschsprung's disease), (2) hypoganglionosis and (3) hyperganglionosis, and that the different neuronal elements may be affected to differing degrees in individuals within each group. Resection of the aganglionic bowel is required in congenital aganglionosis but the combined diagnostic-therapeutic procedure of anorectal myotomy has been found beneficial in patients with hypoganglionosis.
 ...
PMID:Myenteric plexus of the hind-gut: developmental abnormalities in humans and experimental studies. 691 88

The release of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) from the canine gut and its possible neural origin were studied using two agents, oxytocin and neostigmine, known to increase peripheral levels of VIP. Oxytocin and neostigmine increased the portal concentrations of VIP by threefold and sevenfold, respectively. A considerable portal/femoral vein gradient ranging from twofold in the basal state to sevenfold during stimulation with neostigmine indicated that the gut was the main source of circulating VIP. The contribution of the brain was minor, and that of the uterus was undetectable. Release of VIP occurred from the entire gut: After enterectomy, the residual gut (stomach, pancreas, and proximal duodenum) released spontaneously a large amount of VIP which masked the effect of oxytocin. Tetrodotoxin and hexamethonium, but not atropine, inhibited oxytocin-stimulted release of VIP by 80% and 60% respectively. This prompted the conclusion that the release of VIP was predominantly neurally mediated and that the chain of transmission involved a preganglionic cholinergic pathway. Hexamethonium strongly inhibited neostigmine-stimulated release of VIP. Atropine was even more potent in that it abolished the effect of neostigmine. The effect of atropine was attributed to a blockade of ganglionic muscarinic receptors, which are preferentially activated by cholinesterase inhibitors like neostigmine. The results of this study and those derived from electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve are consistent with the hypothesis that circulating VIP is released from intrinsic neurons of the gut under preganglionic cholinergic control.
 ...
PMID:Neural release of vasoactive intestinal peptide from the gut. 743 34


1 2 3 4 5 Next >>