Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
 12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The presence of active acetyl or butyryl groups and their acceptors in the growth medium was found to be necessary for the high rate of cholinesterase biosynthesis in the cells of Arthrobacter simplex var. cholinesterasus. The active acetyl and butyryl groups are formed upon hydrolysis of acetylcholine and butyrylcholine as well as in the course of glucose metabolism. The following acids were shown to be the acceptors of the acetyl and butyryl groups: butyric, succinic, fumaric, malic acids and, to a less extent, alpha-ketoglutaric acid. The active acetyl and butyryl groups are bound with the acceptors under the control of coenzyme A in the reactions of fatty acid synthesis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Presumably, CoA regulates cholinesterase synthesis. The high rate of CoA binding in metabolic reactions provides conditions for the intensive synthesis of cholinesterase; the deceleration of these reactions inhibits the biosynthesis of cholinesterase.
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PMID:[Effect of exogenous acetyl group acceptors on cholinesterase biosynthesis in Arthrobacter simplex cells]. 70 48

The proposed system of continuous monitoring of enzyme activities is based primarily on the electrochemical behaviour of thiol compounds, and the experimental equipment is extremely simple. The determination of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) activity is described. The normal values obtained for men (73.9, s +/- 10.3 microkat/l) and for women (71.1, s +/- 10.2 microkat/l), lie within the usual range of analogous photometric methods. Systems for determination of the activities of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) and adenosylhomocysteinase (EC 3.3.1.1) are described. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) is determined by a combination of enzyme reactions, in which CoA is released from acetyl-CoA. Analogous procedures are discussed for determinations of alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2), lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), lipase (EC 3.1.1.2), and phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) activities, and for determination of substrates, e.g., acetate and carnitine. Possible determinations of an additional 199 enzyme activities and of some of substrates are suggested. By determining electrochemically active groups other than thiols this method becomes almost universally applicable.
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PMID:New system of continuous monitoring of enzyme activities and determination of some substrates. 344 Aug 58

Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) causes cognitive impairment in rats. ICV STZ is known to impair cholinergic neurotransmission by decreasing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) levels, glucose and energy metabolism in brain and synthesis of acetyl CoA. However, no reports are available regarding the cholinesterase inhibitors in this model. In aging brain, reduced energy metabolism increases glutamate release, which is blocked by L-type calcium channel blockers. These calcium channel blockers have shown beneficial effects on learning and memory in various models of cognitive impairment. The present study was designed to investigate the influence of chronic administration of donepezil (cholinesterase inhibitor, 1 and 3 mg/kg) and lercanidipine (L-type calcium channel blocker, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg) on cognitive impairment in male Sprague-Dawley rats injected twice with ICV STZ (3 mg/kg) bilaterally on days 1 and 3. ICV STZ injected rats developed a severe deficit in learning and memory indicated by deficits in passive avoidance paradigm and elevated plus maze as compared to control rats. Cholinesterase activity in brain was significantly increased in ICV STZ injected rats. Donepezil dose-dependently inhibited cholinesterase activity and improved performance in memory tests at both the doses. Lercanidipine (0.3 mg/kg) showed significant improvement in memory. When administered together, the effect of combination of these two drugs on memory and cholinesterase activity was higher than that obtained with either of the drugs when used alone.
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PMID:Effect of donepezil and lercanidipine on memory impairment induced by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin in rats. 1584 14

Oxygen based neurotransmitters in the synapses of the brain are proposed to play an important role in the generation of consciousness. They include the amino acids glutamate and GABA which use Krebs cycle precursors for their synthesis, and the monoamines dopamine, noradrenalin, adrenalin and serotonin, which are derived from tyrosine and tryptophan. During ischemia after an acute brain injury, a GABA surge often initiates brain suppression. It has been proposed that with chronic ischemia, a secondary, possibly epigenetic response occurs when neurotransmitters deplete, a glucose and oxygen saving mechanism termed neurodormancy that may invoke alternative long term low energy metabolic pathways in the brain, encountered in Disorders of Consciousness. Some medications can reverse Disorders of Consciousness in some patients. Virtually all of them act on neurotransmitter systems that use oxygen as a building block or as an energy source within the brain. Pharmaceuticals that act in the oxygen based amino acid systems of the brain include the GABAergic medications zolpidem and baclofen, while those that act in the monoamine axes include the dopaminergic medications L Dopa, amantadine, bromocriptine, apomorphine and methylphenidate, and the noradrenergic and serotonergic medications desipramine, amitriptyline, protriptyline and fluoxetine. Another group are the cholinesterase inhibitors, responsible for increasing acetylcholine, which is synthesized from the Krebs cycle initiator, acetyl CoA. It appears that pharmaceuticals that are active in the oxygen based neurotransmitter pathways of the brain are successful to arouse to consciousness patients that suffer from its disorders. Research needs to be supported as foundation to understand the biochemical mechanisms that are involved in consciousness disorders and to explore further the pharmacological treatment possibilities for these devastating neurological conditions.
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PMID:Disorders of consciousness and pharmaceuticals that act on oxygen based amino acid and monoamine neurotransmitter pathways of the brain. 2402 56