Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
 12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diazinon and cypermethrin are pesticides extensively used in sheep dipping. Diazinon is a known anti-cholinesterase, but there is limited information regarding its molecular mechanism of action. This paper describes the effects of diazinon and cypermethrin at a morphological and molecular level on differentiating mouse N2a neuroblastoma and rat C6 glioma cell lines. Concentrations up to 10 microM of both compounds and their mixture had no effect on the viability of either cell line, as determined by methyl blue tetrazolium reduction and total protein assays. Microscopic analysis revealed that 1 microM and 10 microM diazinon but not cypermethrin inhibited the outgrowth of axon-like processes in N2a cells after a 24-h exposure but neither compound affected process outgrowth by differentiating C6 cells at these concentrations. Under these conditions, 10 microM diazinon inhibited AChE slightly compared to the control after a 4-h exposure but not after 24 h. Western blotting analysis showed that morphological changes were associated with reduced cross-reactivity with antibodies that recognize the neurofilament heavy chain (NFH), microtubule associated protein MAP 1B and HSP-70 compared to control cell extracts, whereas reactivity with anti-alpha-tubulin antibodies was unchanged. Aggregation of NFH was observed in cell bodies of diazinon-treated N2a cells, as determined by indirect immunofluorescence staining. These data demonstrate that diazinon specifically targets neurite outgrowth in neuronal cells and that this effect is associated with disruption of axonal cytoskeleton proteins, whereas cypermethrin has no effect on the same parameters.
 ...
PMID:The effects of diazinon and cypermethrin on the differentiation of neuronal and glial cell lines. 1723 17

The development of metacercariae of Diplostomum pseudospathaceum Niewiadomska, 1984 is accompanied by profound morphological transformations often characterized as metamorphosis, which makes these metacercariae an interesting case for studying the morphogenesis of the digenean nervous system. Although the nervous system of D. pseudospathaceum is one of the most extensively studied among digeneans, there are still gaps in our knowledge regarding the distribution patterns of some neuroactive substances, most notably neuropeptides. The present study addresses these gaps by studying pre-infective metacercariae of D. pseudospathaceum using immunochemical staining and confocal microscopy to characterize the distribution patterns of serotonin (5-HT) and two major groups of flatworm neuropeptides, FMRFamide-related (FaRPs) and substance P-related (SP) peptides. The general morphology of the nervous system was examined with antibodies to alpha-tubulin. The nervous system of the metacercariae was shown to conform to the most common morphology of the nervous system in the hermaphroditic generation, with three pairs of posterior nerve cords and four pairs of anterior nerves. The patterns of FaRP- and 5-HT immunoreactivity (IR) were similar to those revealed in earlier studies by cholinesterase activity, which is in accordance with the known role of these neurotransmitters in controlling muscle activity in flatworms. The SP-IR nervous system was significantly different and consisted of mostly bipolar cells presumably acting as mechanoreceptors. The architecture of the nervous system in D. pseudospathaceum metacercariae is discussed in comparison to that in cercariae of D. pseudospathaceum and metacercariae of related digenean species.
 ...
PMID:Architecture of the nervous system in metacercariae of Diplostomum pseudospathaceum Niewiadomska, 1984 (Digenea). 3072 79