Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 28-day oral toxicity test of tetrachlorvinphos (TCV) was conducted in male and female Slc: Wistar rats by gavage at dose levels of 0, 10, 100 or 1000 mg/kg/day. The male and female rats showed dose-related inhibition of serum cholinesterase activity and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity. At a dose of 1000 mg/kg, body weight gain was decreased in males, and there were 6 deaths in females. Adrenal gland, liver, kidney and thyroid gland weights were increased. The adrenal lesions were characterized by vacuolization and swelling of the cortex cells. The hepatic lesions consisted of vacuolization and necrosis of the hepatocytes. The renal lesions consisted of regeneration and necrosis of the tubular epithelial cells. These lesions were mostly observed at a dose of 1000 mg/kg. After a 14-day recovery period in the 1000 mg/kg group, the changes of cholinesterase, total cholesterol, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen in serum were restored or showed a tendency toward recovery. However, the lesions in the kidney and adrenal remained. More than 14 days are therefore considered to be needed for recovery. At doses of more than 10 mg/kg, significant inhibition of the serum cholinesterase activity in both sexes, erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity in males, and lesions of the adrenal gland in females were observed. Target organs for TCV-treated rats were the adrenal, liver and kidney. It was concluded that the NOEL under this experimental condition is less than 10 mg/kg/day.
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PMID:[Twenty-eight-day repeated dose toxicity test for tetrachlorvinphos in Wistar rat]. 136 60

An investigation was carried out of the metabolic processes, and some procedures for standardizing them, for patients with severe burns receiving uniformly distributed dosified high-calorie catheter alimentation, i.e. enteral hyperalimentation, in addition to the hospital's daily diet. Fifteen types of mixtures of Combustal were used, made and preserved ad hoc, and two commercial probe alimentation liquid products--Biosorbin-MCT (Pfrimmer-Kabi) and Fresubin (Fresenius AG). The average period taken to normalize the nitrogen balance was sixteen days counted from commencement of hyperalimentation. While it shifted the nitrogen balance figures from negative to positive, it was also seen to reduce A and C phospholipase activities in serum, while the level of excretion of nitrogenated amino acids and creatine remained high. During this time, pseudocholinesterase activity dropped, with the concentration of fibronectine in serum, which indicates low levels of biosynthetic processes and insufficiency in the reticuloendothelial system. The average value for the determination of lipids in general remained normal throughout the catheter feeding period. To ensure complete normalization of the metabolic process in patients suffering severe burns, enteral hyperalimentation must be extended for at least one month.
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PMID:[The correction of metabolic disorders in severely burned patients by enteral hyperalimentation]. 147 52

1. Wheat-bound residues of 14C-pirimiphos-methyl were fed to albino rats at 1.17 and 7.5 ppm in the diet for 3.5 months. 2. In toxicological tests, 1.17 ppm of bound residues caused an increase of rat alkaline phosphatase activity and blood urea nitrogen, and reduction in lymphocyte and monocyte counts. A dietary level of 7.5 ppm showed a significant decrease in serum cholinesterase activity and in lymphocytes and monocytes, and an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity and of urea nitrogen. 3. Bioavailability data indicate that wheat-bound pirimiphos-methyl residues are absorbed by rat.
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PMID:Bioavailability and toxicological potential of wheat-bound pirimiphos-methyl residues in rats. 149 21

Seventy-one male and 52 female F 344 rats with leukemia used as controls in the 30-month inhalation studies were characterized by hematological and clinico-biochemical findings. Hematological findings revealed that the leukocyte count, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin increased in both sexes of leukemic rats showing profound anemia, while the platelet count, erythrocyte count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration decreased. In these rats, the serum levels of low density lipoprotein, free cholesterol, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, and triglyceride and the activities of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, creatine phosphokinase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase increased markedly and the level of high density lipoprotein, the oxygen partial pressure, and the cholinesterase activity decreased. Clinical signs such as decrease in redness of the eyes, decrease in body weight, abdominal distension, staining of the public region, and debility were seen in most leukemic animals. These clinical signs and hematological and clinico-biochemical findings may be helpful in diagnosis of leukemia in long-term experiments.
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PMID:Hematological and clinico-biochemical characteristics of leukemia in Fischer 344 rats. 150 22

Lentil grains treated with malathion and stored under laboratory conditions for 12 months formed bound residues. Bioavailability and the effects of lentil-bound residues of malathion in rats were studied. The amount of bound residues in lentils treated with 14C-malathion at 10 ppm and 50 ppm gradually increased to 9.52% and 13.01% of the initially applied doses after 12 months. When rats were fed these 14C-bound residues, radioactivity excreted in urine accounted for 34.49% of the administered dose. In feces, 26.15% of given dose was methanol-extractable while 18.67% was determined as nonextractable. Various tissues including liver, kidney, fat and lungs contained 8.93% while radioactivity in expired air (14CO2) was low (1.51%). The results indicate that lentil-bound malathion residues are highly bioavailable to rats. Analysis of the lentil material containing bound residues indicated that the main compound was malathion. Lentil-bound malathion residues were administered to albino rats at 0.95 and 6.51 ppm in the feed for 3 months. Body weights were determined during and at the end of the experiment. Terminal organ weights were also determined and a number of blood chemistry parameters were examined. A significant reduction in serum cholinesterase activity and an increase in blood urea nitrogen and in white cell count suggest a toxocological potential of the bound residues.
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PMID:Bioavailability and toxicological potential of lentil-bound residues of malathion in rats. 152 55

Paddy (unmilled rice), milled rice and maize-bound 14C residues were prepared using 14C-succinate-labelled malathion at 10 and 152 ppm. After 3 months, the bound residues accounted for 12%, 6.5% and 17.7% of the applied dose in paddy, milled rice and maize respectively in the grains treated at 10 ppm. The corresponding values for the 152 ppm were 16.6%, 8.5% and 18.8%. Rats fed milled rice - bound 14C-residues eliminated 61% of the 14C in the faeces and 28% in the urine. The corresponding percentages for paddy and maize were 72%, 9% and 53%, 41% respectively; indicating that bound residues from milled rice and maize were moderately bioavailable. When rice-bound malathion residues (0.65 ppm in feed) were administered to rats in a 5 week feeding study, no signs of toxicity were observed. Plasma and RBC cholinesterase activities were slightly inhibited: blood urea nitrogen was significantly elevated in the test animals. Other parameters examined showed no or marginal changes.
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PMID:Biological activity and bioavailability of grain bound 14C-malathion residues in rats. 152 58

14C-carbofuran penetrated readily into seeds of Vicia faba and the rate of penetration was found to be dose dependent. The percentage of bound residues was generally low and did not exceed 3% of the applied dose. When the bound residues were fed to rats 46% of the radioactivity was eliminated via CO2 and urine, while tissues contained 25%. Carbofuran phenol and 3-hydroxy carbofuran represented the main metabolites in the urine. These data indicate that bean-bound carbofuran residues are highly bioavailable to rats. Feeding mice with bound carbofuran residues for 90 days led to inhibition of erythrocyte cholinesterase activity after 30 days (35-40%) while the plasma enzyme remained unaffected. Serum transaminases and blood urea nitrogen were significantly elevated, indicating injury to hepatic and renal structures. The results strongly suggest that the bound residues can induce adverse biological effects in mice.
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PMID:Bioavailability to rats and toxicity in mice of carbofuran residues bound to faba beans. 152 62

Aldicarb toxicosis was diagnosed in 200 sheep that died suddenly. Carbamate insecticide toxicosis was suspected based on observed clinical signs (hypersalivation, diarrhea, urination, paddling, seizures, miosis, and deaths occurring within 1 hour). Tissue samples were submitted from 4 Columbian ewes for pathologic and analytical evaluation. Severe diffuse pulmonary edema was observed on gross and histologic examination. Inhibition of cholinesterase activity in retina (21.2-68.1% of normal activity, n = 3), brain (40.6-45.6% of normal activity, n = 3), and whole blood (27% of normal activity, n = 1) supported a diagnosis of carbamate toxicosis. Reversal of brain and whole blood cholinesterase activities (reactivation factor greater than 1.4) following an in vitro 1 hour incubation at 37 C was also consistent with carbamate poisoning. Aldicarb toxicosis was confirmed following its detection in rumen contents at 1.5, 5.5, and 334 ppm using both high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection and gas chromatography with nitrogen/phosphorus detection.
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PMID:Aldicarb toxicosis in a flock of sheep. 155 68

Choline, acetylcholine and betaine used as the sole carbon, nitrogen or carbon and nitrogen source increase cholinesterase activity in addition to phosphorylcholine phosphatase and phospholipase C activities in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cholinesterase activity catalyses the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine (Km approx. 0.13 mM) and propionylthiocholine (Km approx. 0.26 mM), but not butyrylthiocholine, which is a pure competitive inhibitor (Ki 0.05 mM). Increasing choline concentrations in the assay mixture decreased the affinity of cholinesterase for acetylthiocholine, but in all cases prevented inhibition raised by high substrate concentrations. Considering the properties of these enzymes, and the fact that in the corneal epithelium there exists a high acetylcholine concentration and that Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces corneal infection, it is proposed that these enzymes acting coordinately might contribute to the breakdown of the corneal epithelial membrane.
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PMID:Pseudomonas aeruginosa cholinesterase and phosphorylcholine phosphatase: two enzymes contributing to corneal infection. 165 99

We have recently shown that the mean muscle chronaxie for nerve pedicle implanted into denervated rabbit strap muscle is comparable to that of normal nerve. This study correlates excitability with histologic characteristics of muscles reinnervated via nerve-muscle pedicles (NMP) and direct nerve implants (DNI). Strength duration curves were measured in 13 rabbits 3.5 to 5 months after reinnervation by NMP (n = 6) and DNI (n = 7). Following this, control (n = 5) and reinnervated straps were harvested immediately before the animals were killed and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The material was submitted for hematoxylin-eosin stains as well as trichrome stains for general morphology, myofibrillar ATPase and NADH for fiber typing, and cholinesterase for determination of denervated fibers. In all animals with low chronaxie, expected type grouping from reinnervation was noted (n = 10). By contrast, the three animals in which chronaxie was abnormally elevated demonstrated fibrosis, inflammation, and absence of or poor type grouping. This suggests that type grouping is necessary for excitability after reinnervation of paralyzed striated muscles.
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PMID:Correlation between histology and nerve excitability after reinnervation of paralyzed strap muscles in the rabbit. 170 49


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