Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
 12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This is a review of historical facets of research in cutaneous neurohistology. The silver stains, used for some 150 years, led to the discovery of the neurone theory and to contemporary comparative studies. The cholinesterase methods, used since 1950, are the most convenient for general studies of nerves. The fluorescence technique of Falck (1962) is valuable for the study of adrenergic fibers. The electron microscope techniques used since 1950 have allowed the comprehensive description of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers and of corpuscles. The most important unsettled questions pertain to the physiology of cutaneous nerves and precise definitions of cutaneous sensibility.
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PMID:Cutaneous innervation. 5 52

A new combined stain for the simultaneous demonstration of motor nerve terminals and cholinesterase at neuromuscular junctions is described. It employs bromoindoxyl acetate dye-staining for cholinesterase and silver-gold impregnation for nerve terminals. The clarity and reliability of the stain permit quantitative measurements of neuromuscular junctions in order to evaluate nerve terminal sprouting as well as other pathological changes. The method is rapid, reproducible, and simple, and it is well suited for the processing of large numbers of frozen sections.
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PMID:A new stain for quantitative measurement of sprouting at neuromuscular junctions. 8 10

Combination of Karnovsky's cholinesterase staining with silver impregnation of axons (modified Bodian's technique) offers a new means of studying the relation between the pre- and postsynaptic elements in the frog neuromuscular junction. The method can be applied to whole muscles so that synapses of individual superficial muscle fibers which have previously been investigated by electrophysiological techniques can be identified after staining. In this way synaptic activity can be correlated with such synaptic features as number of axon branches, length of the occupied synaptic gutter, axonal sprouts, etc. The distinction between occupied and unoccupied parts of the synaptic gutters is useful when studying reinnervation, regression, or growth of a synapse.
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PMID:A combined silver and cholinesterase method for studying exact relations between the pre- and the postsynaptic elements at the frog neuromuscular junction. 9 Apr 8

The posterior supracoracoideus nerve of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, was induced to make synapses outside its normal muscle territory. Muscle fibres with inputs from both native and foreign nerves were studied during the period of suppression of foreign transmission and in only 8% of fibres were foreign and native terminals found within 120 micrometer of each other. A combined cholinesterase/silver staining technique revealed non-innervated endplates in foreign-innervated fibres just prior to the return of the native nerve. These results suggest a mechanism enabling suppression of foreign synapses at some distance from native synapses probably beginning with the reinnervation of empty sites by the native nerve.
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PMID:Suppression of foreign innervation in axolotl muscle may not be dependent on juxtaposition of native and foreign nerve terminals. 22 86

Conley et al., in 1971, described a special type of melanoma characterized by a superficial melanic lesion at the onset; repeated local relapses as subcutaneous tumorations with an histological picture closely resembling an atypical fibroxantoma or fibrosarcoma. After a review of all the published material the autors presents a personal case with the clinical, histological and evolutive characteristics of this disease. The most interesting findings of the published case are the following: The special stains for the melanocytes (silver stain, Dopa, tyrosinase and cholinesterase) were all negative. There was an intense positivity for the lisosomal enzymes (non specific sterases, and acid phosphatases). The ultrastructural study of the tumoral tissues as well as the cells of cultures showed abundant cells with tumoral aspects, with prominent nucleoli somewhat dilated granular endoplasmic reticulum, myelin-like figures, lipidic vacuoles and abundant lisosomes. No melanosomes or premelanosomes were observed. Beside these tumoral cells abundant typical fibroblastic elements were found. There was a great amount of collagen fibers with periodicity superior to the normal. The conclusion is that the desmoplastic melanoma must be considered as a tumor of mesenchimatous origin intervening in its development multiple local and general factors.
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PMID:[Desmoplastic melanoma]. 34 19

A study on the innervation of the respiratory organs of Calotes versicolor has been made using cholinesterase and silver reduction techniques. The tracheal and bronchial plexuses have been described. A number of nerve terminations along with synapses are reported. ChE activity has been observed on the periphery of the alveoli which is believed to be of importance in controlling the acetylcholine level, acting as a general tissue enzyme to prevent excessive accumulation of acetylcholine. Vascular nerve supply has been found to be largely of vagal origin.
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PMID:Histological and histochemical studies on the innervation of the respiratory organs of Calotes versicolor Daud. (Agamidae, Lacertilia). 53 71

An investigation was undertaken to study the neuro-histochemistry of tonue of Gallus domesticus (white Leghorn) by cholinesterase technique under maintained pH of 5.2, temperature 40 degrees C and incubation period 20 h, and Ungewitter's silver impregnation method. Fungiform (8--16 in number), filiform (5--16 in number), circumvallate and foliate (numerous) were recorded profusely innervated in the various regions of the tongue. Neuro-muscular spindles related either with the non-myelinated, myelinated nerve fibres or with the ganglia via pre- or postganglionic nerve fibre showed cholinesterase (AChE) positive activity in the form of dark brown patches. Neural network over the glands, formed the basket envelope likestructures. Glands showed positive cholinesterase (AChE) reaction on the periphery. Dot-like nerve endings were connected with the neural terminal network in the foliate papillae region and motor end plate like endings on blood vessel, were occasionally recorded. Parasympathetic ganglia of various shape and sizes, arranged in chain-like fashion were observed in the connective tissue space between the fungiform and circumvallate papillae and foliate papillae region. The pre- and postganglionic fibres of these ganglia were related with the anteriorly and posteriorly located papillae via the neural terminal network. Cholinesterase (AChE) activity was marked either in the centre, of the fungiform or on the periphery of the filiform, circumvallate and foliate papillae.
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PMID:Neuro-histochemical study of the tongue of Gallus domesticus (White Leghorn). 61 92

The extrinsic nerve supply of the median strip of skin in the naked rhinarium of the tree shrews (Tupaia glis) was studied by means of nerve section. Experiments were designed, where the external nasal nerves, infraorbital nerves or a combination of both were sectioned. The cholinesterase and silver impregnation techniques were employed to demonstrate intraepithelial nerves, mammalian end-organs, and the dermal nerve plexus before and after denervation. These experiments have given results contrary to what was expected, as the skin in this region, which develops from the frontonasal process, was found to be supplied by the infraorbital nerves (branches of the maxillary division of the fifth cranial nerve, which is the nerve of the maxillary process) and not the external nasal nerves (branches of the ophthalmic division of the fifth cranial nerve, the nerve of the frontonasal process).
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PMID:Extrinsic nerve supply of the naked rhinarium in the tree shrew. 80 48

The innervation of the nasal septum and around the olfactory bulb has been investigated in rats by means of whole-mount preparations and histological sections. Silver staining, OsO4 staining, PAS staining, cholinesterase reaction and fluorescence for catecholamine-containing nerves were used. The nervus terminalis forms on the medial side of the olfactory bulb a ganglionated plexus, from which branches are given off which course peripherally with the vomeronasal nerves. From a dorsal part of the terminalis nerve plexus an anterior branch is given off which runs along the anterior ethmoidal nerve to the nasal vestibule where it connects with a group of ganglia. The peripheral branches of the nerve run from here along two epithelial cristae formed histologically like dermal papillae. Ventrally in the respiratory region at the junction of the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx is a 1 times 2 mm area with olfactory epithelium, glands of Bowman and an independent innervation from the olfactory bulb. This is the so-called septal olfactory organ. Trigeminal nerves form a plexus in the respiratory region and in the vestibule, but do not supply the olfactory region. Catecholamine-containing and cholinesterase-positive nerves run along the meningeal arteries on the cribriform plate and accompany their branches to the vascular plexus in the olfactory and respiratory regions. Double innervation is found not only of this vascular plexus but of the venous sinuses in the swell bodies of the vestibule. The glands of the nose are not surrounded by catecholamine-containing nerves.
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PMID:Demonstration of terminalis, olfactory, trigeminal and perivascular nerves in the rat nasal septum. 111 13

The extraocular muscles of the carp Carassius contain two types of muscle fibre. Large white fibres have ribbon-shaped peripheral myofibrils and triads located at the Z line. Small red fibres, rich in mitochondria, have polygonal-shaped myofibrils and triads at the A-I junction. Silver- and cholinesterase-stained preparations show that the large fibres are innervated by axons which spiral around them and exhibit intense cholinesterase activity over long distances. Axons supplying small muscle fibres run across bundles of fibres, making one contact with each fibre. By electron microscopy the nerve endings on each fibre type appear identical, both having a smooth post-junctional muscle membrane. The differences in structure and innervation pattern of the two fibre types are discussed in relation to their possible functional roles.
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PMID:Structure and innervation of extraocular muscles of Carassius. 118 53


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