Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
 12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this study was to determine if a correlation exists between long-term azidothymidine (AZT) therapy and low pseudocholinesterase concentrations in patients who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A pilot study was conducted of 10 patients infected with HIV, 5 of whom were receiving AZT. Laboratory tests, including complete blood count (CBC), liver function tests, helper/inducer T lymphocyte numbers (CD4), serum dibucaine numbers, and serum pseudocholinesterase concentrations were examined. Control and study subjects both exhibited normal dibucaine numbers, but the pseudocholinesterase concentrations were significantly lower in the group that was not receiving AZT relative to the AZT treatment group. However, only two patients, neither of whom were receiving AZT, demonstrated low or borderline low pseudocholinesterase concentrations according to laboratory criteria. It is possible that pseudocholinesterase synthesis is significantly inhibited by the HIV disease process and that treatment with AZT partly reverses the inhibition. Associated variables contributing to low pseudocholinesterase concentrations in the HIV-positive patient are explored.
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PMID:The effects of azidothymidine therapy on pseudocholinesterase concentrations in asymptomatic HIV-positive patients. 781 Feb 85

Diazinon (DZN), an organophosphate insecticide, has been used in agriculture for several years. It is possible the residue of this compound to be recycled in the biological system. There is no report on DZN immunotoxicity potential. In the present study, we examined the immunotoxic effects of intraperitoneally administered DZN in the C57bl/6 female mice. Diazinon was administered at doses of 25, 2, and 0.2 mg/kg for 28 days (five injections per week). Animals were then sacrificed to observe the cellularity or histopathological changes in thymus, spleen, bone marrow, and peripheral blood. Furthermore, humoral and cellular functional responses such as Hemagglutination titration (HA), IgM-Plaque Forming Colony Assay (PFC), Delayed-Type-Hypersensitivity (DTH) to SRBC, and T cell subtyping (CD4/CD8) were determined. The results showed that DZN at 25 mg/kg not only could produce gross histopathological changes in thymus and spleen but also could suppress both humoral and cellular activity of the immune system. At lower doses (0.2 and 2 mg/kg) there were no observable alteration in cellularity or histology of immune tissues. However, DZN at medium dose (2 mg/kg per day) could inhibit RBC-cholinesterase and showed a mild decrease (P < 0.1) in thymus/body-weight ratio and DTH response. At dose of 0.2 mg/kg no histopathological or functional disturbances were detectable. These results indicate that DZN has immunosuppressive effects in the C57bl/6 mice at doses more than 2 mg/kg. The present results however indicate that under recommended Allowed Daily Intake (ADI) limit (<0.02 mg/kg), no observable immunotoxicity effect is expected.
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PMID:Evaluation of immunotoxicity induced by diazinon in C57bl/6 mice. 1503 44

Pyridostigmine bromide (PYR) is an anticholinesterase drug indicated for the treatment of myasthenia gravis and neuromuscular blockade reversal. It acts as a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor and was used as a pretreatment for soldiers during Operation Desert Storm to protect against possible nerve gas attacks. Since that time, PYR has been implicated as a possible causative agent contributing to Gulf War Illness. PYR's mechanism of action has been well-delineated with regards to its effects on the nervous system, yet little is known regarding potential effects on immunological function. To evaluate the effects of PYR on immunological function, adult female B6C3F1 mice were gavaged daily for 14 days with PYR (0, 1, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg/day). Immune parameters assessed were lymphoproliferation, natural killer cell activity, the SRBC-specific antibody plaque-forming cell (PFC) response, thymus and spleen weight and cellularity, and thymic and splenic CD4/CD8 lymphocyte subpopulations. Exposure to PYR did not alter splenic and thymus weight or splenic cellularity. However, 20 mg PYR/kg/day decreased thymic cellularity with decreases in both CD4+/CD8+ (20 mg/kg/day) and CD4-/CD8- (10 and 20 mg/kg/day) cell types. Functional immune assays indicated that lymphocyte proliferative responses and natural killer cell activity were normal; whereas exposure to PYR significantly decreased primary IgM antibody responses to a T-cell dependent antigen at the 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg treatment levels for 14 days. This is the first study to examine the immunotoxicological effects of PYR and demonstrate that this compound selectively suppresses humoral antibody responses.
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PMID:Pyridostigmine bromide (PYR) alters immune function in B6C3F1 mice. 1510 28

In an effort to examine liver injury, immune response, and other physiological effects in mice caused by intragastric administration of nanoparticulate anatase titanium dioxide (5nm), we assessed T lymphocytes, B lymphocyte and NK lymphocyte counts, hematological indices, biochemical parameters of liver functions, and histopathological changes in nanoparticulate titanium dioxide -treated mice. Indeed, mice treated with higher dose nanoparticulate titanium dioxide displayed a reduction in body weight, an increase in coefficients of the liver and histopathological changes in the liver. Specifically, in these nanoparticulate titanium dioxide -treated mice, interleukin-2 activity, white blood cells, red blood cells, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, thrombocytes, reticulocytes, T lymphocytes (CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+)), NK lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and the ratio of CD4 to CD8 of mice were decreased, whereas NO level, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, red (cell) distribution width, platelets, hematocrit, mean platelet volume of mice were increased. Furthermore, liver functions were also disrupted, as evidenced by the enhanced activities of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and cholinesterase, an increase of the total protein, and the reduction of ratio of albumin to globulin, the total bilirubin, triglycerides, and the total cholesterol levels. These results suggested that the liver function damage observed in mice treated with higher dose nanoparticulate titanium dioxide is likely associated with the damage of haemostasis blood system and immune response. However, low dose nanoparticulate anatase TiO(2) has little influences on haemostasis blood system and immune response in mice.
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PMID:Toxicological characteristics of nanoparticulate anatase titanium dioxide in mice. 1985 90

Navarro et al (2001) have reported that neonatal exposure of rat to the organophosphate compound chlorpyrifos (CPF) resulted in long-term deficits in T lymphocyte mitogenic response, although the mechanism has been unclear. In this study, pregnant BALB/c mice were exposed to 0, 2.8, 14, 70 ppm CPF via diet from gestational day 10 to postnatal day (PND) 21, and subpopulational changes in T lymphocytes of offspring were analyzed at PND21. The irreversibility of the effects was also investigated at PND77 after ceasing exposure by weaning at PND21. Serum cholinesterase activity was significantly reduced after exposure to CPF at PND21. An increase in the proportion of CD4 positive splenocytes was observed after exposure to CPF, which remained until PND77. We found that regulatory T cells were the only one CD4 positive subset which increased in the spleen of CPF-exposed mice at PND77.
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PMID:[Effects of transplacental and trans-breast milk exposure to the organophosphate compound chlorpyrifos on the developing immune system of mice]. 2225 50