Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lipid antioxidants, DPPD, DAH, BHT, SQ, retinol and alpha-tocopherol were studied for their effects on normal rat erythrocytes. Retinol, BHT and SQ were found to induce hemolysis while DPPD, DAH and alpha-tocopherol were non-hemolytic. Further more the three antioxidants BHT, SQ and retinol showed a synergistic effect on the lysis. Retinol, BHT or SQ alone, and BHT or SQ along with retinol when administered to rats produced a marked modification of the erythrocyte membrane integrity, simultaneously lowering the levels of membrane bound enzymes--acetyl choline esterase and ATPase. It is concluded that the lipid antioxidants may therefore be classified on the basis of their lytic action in vitro.
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PMID:Effect of lipid antioxidants on rat erythrocyte hemolysis. 54 73

In 104 patients with acute virus hepatitis, chronic hepatitides, cirrhoses, fatty livers and biliary diseases with partial and complete obstructive jaundice, respectively, IgG, IgA, IgD, beta1A- and beta1E-globulin, cholinesterase, total protein, and albumin, in 45 of these patients additionally prealbumin, retinol binding protein, thymol turbidity test were determined as well as an electrophoretic separation of the serum was performed. 11 persons with healthy liver served as control group. According to the results of univariate and multivariate variance analyses with following test of redundance (test for indispensability) and analysis of discriminance with calculations of reclassification IgD, beta1E-globulin and retinol binding protein were identified as not evident or redundant. Electrophoresis and thymol turbidity test give sufficient basis informations and can further be recommended for orienting examinations. Immune globulinogrammes from IgB, IgA and IgM are suitable as so-called mesenchyma tests particularly for controls of the course. Prealbumin and cholinesterase prove to be the most sensitive parameter of synthesis, whereas albumin and beta1A-globulin possess a high prognostic evidence.
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PMID:[Discriminatory function of serum proteins in liver and biliary tract diseases]. 91 May 27

The effects of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on some nutritional variables were prospectively investigated in 12 severely cachectic patients with advanced cancer. The following variables were determined before and at 5-day intervals during the 20-day administration of TPN: anthropometric indices (body weight, arm circumference, triceps skinfold, arm muscle circumference, arm muscle area, arm fat area, total body muscle mass); biochemical indices (total protein, albumin, cholinesterase, total iron binding capacity, thyroxin-binding prealbumin, retinol binding protein, urinary 3-methylhistidine and creatinine excretion, nitrogen balance); and peripheral lymphocyte count. TPN was delivered at 49.5 nonprotein kcal/kg-1/day-1 (80% as dextrose and 20% as fat) and amino acids 1.9 g/kg-1/day-1. A significant increase was obtained in body weight, triceps skinfold, arm fat area, and retinol binding protein. All remaining anthropometric and biochemical parameters did not show any significant positive or negative change, although nitrogen balance remained positive. No significant liver toxicity was apparent after the TPN period. It was concluded that although TPN is unable to completely reverse some nutrition-related variables in cachectic patients with cancer, most patients were kept within a normal range and some improved. Therefore, further deterioration of the nutritional state, which is characteristic of this phase of disease, was at least prevented.
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PMID:Total parenteral nutrition prevents further nutritional deterioration in patients with cancer cachexia. 310 24

In 1992 people aged 65 years and over represented 11.9% (men) and 17.2% (women) of the Swiss population, and in 2000 the average 65-year-old man or woman can expect to live about 12 more years. Old age is characterized by multimorbidity, an accumulation of chronic conditions and diseases, and by social isolation. Multimorbidity and isolation (living alone) are the major risk factors for malnutrition. 30-60% of all persons aged 65 years and over show one or more subnormal nutritional parameters. The unspecific and oligosymptomatic clinical picture of malnutrition in the elderly often hinders an early diagnosis, and malnutrition is often misdiagnosed as "wasting away syndrome" of the old. Thus, the nutritional assessment of the elderly should become a routine diagnostic procedure. Detection of malnutrition involves assessment of nutritional parameters including history (eating habits, appetite), anthropometric measurements (weight, height, body mass index, triceps skinfold, midarm circumference), serum proteins (albumin, transferrin, prealbumin, cholinesterase, retinol binding protein), vitamins (B12, folic acid, B1, B2, B6, C and D), minerals and trace elements (zinc, magnesium, calcium, iron), immunologic skin tests and lymphocyte count. Depending on the history and the clinical symptoms, a selected number of these nutritional parameters are assessed. When assessing the nutritional status of the elderly it is important to define the etiologic factors involved. Thus, treatment of underlying causes and refeeding can be streamlined, so that maximum benefit can be obtained for the quality of life of the elderly.
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PMID:[Special aspects of malnutrition in geriatrics]. 787 97

In order to study nutritional assessment and nutritional support therapy for elderly patients, we conducted energy supply therapy on 15 elderly (aged over 75) patients disabled with diseases such as cerebrovascular disease, pneumonia and heart failure. After recovery from acute phase, they were divided into 3 groups, and assigned to 3 different energy supply methods for 2 weeks: Six (3 males, 3 females) could take hospital diet, but only could absorb about 50% of the energy, amounting only 1,000 to 1,400 kcal/day. Additional 246 kcal was given by peripheral parental nutrition (PPN). Five (2 males, 3 females) were unable to take nutrition orally. Therefore, they were given high caloric nutrients by total parental nutrition (TPN), giving (1,222 kcal daily for a week), then 1,666 kcal for another week. Four (1 male, 3 females) also could not take meals orally, and had to be nourished by enteral nutrition (EN) with a nutrient preparation of 1,120 kcal for one week, then with 1,600 kcal for another week. In all 3 groups, the indices of rapid turnover proteins (pre-albumin, retinol binding protein and transferrin), choline esterase and vitamin A significantly elevated after 2 weeks of therapy, though the increase of pre-albumin and RBP in TPN group was slightly below the significant level. The increase in rapid turnover proteins and choline esterase was greater in the order of EN, TPN and PPN. Vitamin C, on the other hand, decreased significantly with treatment in all the groups, while vitamin E remained unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Nutritional assessment and nutritional support therapy in elderly patients]. 836 Oct 76

Glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus are both prevalent in patients with chronic liver diseases. We examined the efficacy and systemic safety of therapy with an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose, in diabetes mellitus associated with chronic liver diseases. Twenty patients with chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis and overt diabetes mellitus received acarbose (taken orally) for 8 weeks. The initial dosage of acarbose was 50 mg three times daily, taken before meals; this was increased to 100 mg three times daily after 2 weeks. The mean fasting plasma glucose level was 173.7 +/- 18.6 mg/dl (mean +/- SE) at entry, and was significantly decreased to 132.9 +/- 7.5 mg/dl (P < 0.05) after 8 weeks of acarbose treatment. The improved glycemic control was reflected by a significant decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from 7.2 +/- 0.3% at entry to 6.3 +/- 0.2% (P < 0.05) after 8 weeks. Serum levels of both aspartate and alanine aminotransferases fluctuated during acarbose treatment, probably due to the natural course of chronic liver diseases, but the mean values had decreased after 8 weeks of treatment. Plasma ammonia levels increased, from 61.3 +/- 10.7 micrograms/dl to 71.1 +/- 9.6 micrograms/dl after 8 weeks of acarbose treatment but the increase was not significant. Clinically significant elevation of plasma ammonia concentration was seen in 2 cirrhotic patients (121 and 124 micrograms/dl); this was asymptomatic and gradually returned to the normal range despite continuous acarbose treatment in one patient, and was reversed after the withdrawal of acarbose with the concomitant administration of lactulose in the other patient. No other blood tests results, including albumin, cholinesterase, and prothrombin time, or lipid profile and nutritional status, in terms of rapid turnover proteins, prealbumin, retinol binding protein, and transferin, were altered throughout the study period. These results indicate that diabetes mellitus associated with chronic liver diseases may be safely and effectively treated with acarbose. However, clinicians must be aware of the possibility of hyperammonemia when they prescribe acarbose for patients with diabetes mellitus and advanced liver cirrhosis.
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PMID:Safe and effective treatment of diabetes mellitus associated with chronic liver diseases with an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose. 943 16

It is well established that the detection of microalbuminuria in a patient with diabetes mellitus indicates the presence of glomerular involvement in early renal damage. Recent studies have demonstrated that there is also a tubular component to renal complications of diabetes, as shown by the detection of renal tubular proteins and enzymes in the urine. In fact, tubular involvement may precede glomerular involvement, as several of these tubular proteins and enzymes are detectable even before the appearance of microalbuminuria. This review looks at the studies reported so far on serum and urinary markers of diabetic nephropathy, both glomerular and tubular, and their roles in the early detection of renal damage. The advantages and disadvantages of some of these markers are also discussed. The markers reviewed include (1) glomerular--transferrin, fibronectin, and other components of glomerular extracellular matrix, and (2) tubular--low molecular weight proteins (beta 2 microglobulin, retinol binding protein, alpha 1 microglobulin, urine protein 1), other proteins such as Tamm-Horsfall protein, beta 2 glycoprotein-1, urinary enzymes (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, cholinesterase, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, alanine aminopeptidase), and tubular brush-border antigen.
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PMID:Markers of diabetic nephropathy. 944 15

Biomarker assays that provide measures of the toxic effects of chemicals on key organisms are of particular interest in ecotoxicology and environmental risk assessment. Typically, such assays provide measures of the molecular mechanisms that underlie toxicity (e.g., inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity by organophosphorus insecticides and retardation of the vitamin K cycle by anticoagulant rodenticides). They are particularly valuable for detecting and quantifying toxicity where organisms are exposed to mixtures of compounds and for identifying cases of potentiation. In birds, inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity can provide an index of potentiation of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides by other pesticides. Inhibition of serum butyrylcholinesterase also is very useful as a nondestructive assay but is not simply related to inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase. Assays for DNA damage can indicate where there is an increase in the rate of activation of carcinogens and mutagens due to induction of the cytochrome P450 system. Assays for blood levels of retinol (vitamin A) and thyroxine can establish thyroxine antagonism by metabolites of 3,3,4,4-tetrachlorobiphenyl. Assays for changes in levels of clotting protein in serum can give an indication of the effect of mixtures of anticoagulant rodenticides on the vitamin K cycle. The interactive effects of mixtures of pesticides in the field are starting to be investigated by this approach (e.g., a recent study of the combined action of malathion and prochloraz in the red-legged partridge).
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PMID:The use of biomarkers to measure the interactive effects of chemicals. 962 37

The messenger RNA (mRNA) distribution of 60 proteins was examined in the 3 fractions obtained by collagenase digestion (fat cells and the nonfat cells comprising the tissue remaining after collagenase digestion [matrix] and the stromovascular cells) of omental adipose tissue obtained from morbidly obese women undergoing bariatric surgery. Fat cells were enriched by at least 3-fold as compared with nonfat cells in the mRNAs for retinol binding protein 4, angiotensinogen, adipsin, glutathione peroxidase 3, uncoupling protein 2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector A, fat-specific protein 27, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, glycerol channel aquaporin 7, NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase 1, cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase 3B, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, insulin receptor, and amyloid A1. Fat cells were also enriched by at least 26-fold in the mRNAs for proteins involved in lipolysis such as hormone-sensitive lipase, lipoprotein lipase, adipose tissue triglyceride lipase, and FAT/CD36. The relative distribution of mRNAs in cultured preadipocytes was also compared with that of in vitro differentiated adipocytes derived from human omental adipose tissue. Cultured preadipocytes had far lower levels of the mRNAs for inflammatory proteins than the nonfat cells of omental adipose tissue. The nonfat cells were enriched by at least 5-fold in the mRNAs for proteins involved in the inflammatory response such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin lbeta, cyclooxygenase 2, interleukin 24, interleukin 6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 plus the mRNAs for osteopontin, vaspin, endothelin, angiotensin II receptor 1, butyrylcholinesterase, lipocalin 2, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. The cells in the adipose tissue matrix were enriched at least 3-fold as compared with the isolated stromovascular cells in the mRNAs for proteins related to the inflammatory response, as well as osteopontin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. We conclude that the mRNAs for inflammatory proteins are primarily present in the nonfat cells of human omental adipose tissue.
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PMID:Comparison of messenger RNA distribution for 60 proteins in fat cells vs the nonfat cells of human omental adipose tissue. 1855 44

An animal's antioxidant capacity is measured by its ability to quench reactive oxygen species (ROS). During everyday metabolism, antioxidants and ROS are in equilibrium with one another. In times of stress, an animal produces more ROS and therefore uses its antioxidant capacity more readily in order to maintain this equilibrium. When the production of ROS exceeds the antioxidant capacity, an animal will experience extensive oxidative stress, which can ultimately affect that animal's health. During experimental study of wild animals, it is often necessary to capture them for a short period of time. In order to obtain a measurement of the effects of short-term captivity on oxidative capacity in wild animals, a population of southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons) in Swan Reach, South Australia (34.57 degrees S, 139.60 degrees E), was studied. To assess the variation in antioxidant capacity, two assays, the ferric reducing ability of plasma and the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, were performed. A third assay, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, was used to measure the effects of ROS. Measurements of the specific antioxidants uric acid, ascorbic acid, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and superoxide dismutase were also performed. The biochemical parameters albumin, total protein, cholinesterase, creatinine, and urea were measured as indicators for health. Results showed a significant reduction in antioxidant capacity during the overnight period of captivity.
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PMID:Effects of overnight captivity on antioxidant capacity and clinical chemistry of wild southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons). 2531 12


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