Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
 12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recognition of exposure to diazinon, an organophosphate insecticide, was studied in goats. Urine and milk dialkyl phosphate concentrations (DETP; O,O-diethyl phosphorothionate) and blood cholinesterase activity (ChE) and diazinon concentrations were measured. Groups (n = 3 each) given (orally) diazinon at doses of 0.5 mg/kg for 7 days (small dose) or 5 mg/kg for 7 days (large dose) were compared with goats acutely exposed to single doses of 150 mg/kg (n = 1) or 700 mg/kg (n = 1). Clinical signs of intoxication occurred only in the goat given the 700 mg/kg dose. Urinary DETP concentrations were sensitive indicators of diazinon exposure and provided quantitative differences between small, large, and acute dosage exposures. Milk DETP concentrations were not detected. Cholinesterase measurement was useful only in the acute exposure studies. Whole blood diazinon concentrations were detected only in goats given the large dose for 7 days and acutely exposed. Measurement of urinary DETP was a sensitive aid for recognition of diazinon exposure.
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PMID:Diagnostic value of urinary dialkyl phosphate measurement in goats exposed to diazinon. 673 99

A new method to determine ureteral motility by means of radioisotopes is presented. After administration of 99m-Tc-MDP or 99m-Tc-DTPA urine transport within the ureter is documented by functional way-time-matrices. The special resolution results of a series of 7 to 12 regions of interest covering the ureter out of which the information about its motility is extracted from a series of 300 to 480 single pictures. The time resolution is 1 to 2.5 seconds. The observation period varies between 5 and 20 minutes. Urine transport is outlined as an declined stripe in the matrix. Retroperistaltic waves or dyskinesies can also be detected with this method. 31 patients in whom radical surgery was performed for carcinoma of the cervix were examined by the described functional ureter test. The results show that changes in ureteral function like frequency or quality or even retroperistaltic contractions of the ureter can be observed by the urokinetogram, changes which can be traced neither by isotope renogram nor by intervenous pyelography. Similar observations could be made in 10 patients treated by radiotherapy. In 26 patients the influence of sympathico- and parasympathicomimetic agents on the ureteral motility was studied. The results show that an increase of contraction frequency can be obtained by alpha- and betamimetics and also by cholinesterase inhibitors. These results which are in consistance with the available literature will be analysed and discussed in detail. The urokinetogram opens new possibilities to get insights into the physiology of urine transport and is therefore of great interest as an addition to radiologic and urodynamic methods.
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PMID:[New aspects of registration and drug influence of ureteral motility ]. 675 Sep 29

To evaluate liver function in biliary atresia (BA) patients after the Kasai operation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was carried out 28 times in 19 BA patients. Sixteen of these were divided into three groups on the basis of the serum level of total bilirubin (t-bil), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GTP) in the postoperative follow-up period (2-11 years). In group 1 (n = 7) the t-bil was continuously kept under 1 mg/100 ml. In group 2 (n = 4) the t-bil was continuously kept under 1 mg/100 ml, but GPT and gamma-GTP remained high (GPT > 100 IU/liter, gamma-GTP > 200 IU/ liter) for more than 2 years. In group 3 (n = 5) an increase in the t-bil level reappeared (1-2 mg/100 ml; n = 4, > 2 mg/100 ml; n = 1). The differences between MRI finding in the 3 groups, and the correlation between MRI findings and laboratory data (t-bil, cholinesterase; ChE, GPT and gamma-GTP), which were taken around the time of MRI examinations, were studied. The results were as follows: (1) All 19 patients had normal or high signal areas of various sizes on T1 weighted images (WI). (2) Eighteen of 19 patients had high signal areas of various sizes on T2 WI in the portal system areas and/or liver parenchyma, and these areas were enhanced by gadolinium-DTPA in about half of the patients. (3) Ten of 16 patients had atrophic change over one liver lobe. (4) MRI findings for group 1 and the other groups were significantly different, and MRI findings, except for atrophic change, were correlated with the increase or decrease in laboratory data taken around the time of MRI examinations (p < 0.05). These results indicate that a normal or high signal area on T1 WI shows functional tissue, and that a high signal area on T2 WI shows tissue damaged by inflammation and/or progressive fibrosis. MRI is useful for evaluating liver function, especially in terms of morphological features, in BA patients after the Kasai operation, and will be one method for establishing their prognosis.
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PMID:MRI findings in the liver in biliary atresia patients after the Kasai operation. 914 55

The scintigram using 99mTechnetium-DTPA galactosyl human serum albumin (99mTc-GSA) which binds to asialoglycoprotein receptors on hepatocytes is a good index of hepatocyte function in various liver diseases in adult patients. In 43 patients (4 months to 30 years old) who had undergone Kasai procedure, we performed 53 series of 99mTc-GSA scintigrams and checked the laboratory data of blood draw and the clinical status. The indices for blood clearance and liver accumulation were evaluated on the basis of the dynamic data after 99mTc-GSA injection. HH15 as an index of the blood clearance, and LHL15 as an index of the accumulation of the hepatocytes were calculated and the HH15/LHL15 ratio (H/L15) was examined. 99mTc-GSA scintigram correlated with liver function and clinical status. Our results revealed that 1) The deterioration of the liver functions and clinical status correlates proportionally with H/L15, 2) The results of 99m Technetium-GSA scintigram correlate with several liver function tests, especially direct bilirubin, albumin and choline esterase, 3) This scintigram is an useful index of clinical status and hepatic function as well as the change of the hepatic parenchymal reserve in BA patients, especially for the evaluation of liver transplantation.
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PMID:Clinical significance of 99mTc-DTPA galactosyl human serum albumin scintigram in follow-up after Kasai operation. 914 56

To investigate the correlation between nuclear medicine parameters determined by technetium-99m-DTPA-galactosyl-human serum albumin (Tc-99m-GSA) and liver function tests, canonical correlation analysis was performed. Tc-99m-GSA studies were performed on 47 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who had undergone transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). The nuclear medicine parameters LU15, HH15 and LHL15, which are results of nuclear imaging tests, were chosen in combination with the following liver function tests: the serum bilirubin level (T.Bil), the serum albumin level (Alb), serum cholinesterase activity (Ch-E), the clearance rate of indocyanine green (KICG), the hepaplastin test (HPT) and the prothrombin time (PT). The canonical correlation coefficient was 0.7345 and the upper tail probability was 0.00167. A significant correlation was observed between the two sets of variables. The high structural coefficients of Ch-E, KICG and HPT indicated a close relationship with the nuclear medicine parameters, supporting the notion that these nuclear medicine parameters are useful for the estimation of liver damage. The structural coefficients of the nuclear medicine parameters were also high, with LU15 being a parameter as useful as both HH15 and LHL15. T.Bil may evaluate a liver function that is not measured by nuclear imaging techniques, so we should take T.Bil results into account before considering TAE.
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PMID:Evaluation of liver function parameters by Tc-99m-GSA using multivariate analysis: a study of 47 clinical cases. 1056 31

Within the pulmonary epithelial lining layer (ELF), antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (AH(2)) and glutathione (GSH) react with inhaled nitrogen dioxide ((*)NO(2)) to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induce cellular oxidation. Because the ELF contains unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), which potentially react with (*)NO(2) and/or the antioxidant-derived ROS, we studied the influence of aqueous phase model UFA [egg phosphatidylcholine (EggPC) liposomes] on exposure-induced oxidation and nitration of membranes. Our lung surface model used gas phase (*)NO(2) exposures of immobilized red cell membranes (RCM) overlaid with defined aqueous phases. Acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity, TBARS, and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) were used to assess protein and lipid oxidation and RCM nitration, respectively. During (*)NO(2) exposure, AH(2) and GSH induced AChE loss and TBARS, which were unchanged with buffer only. Exposures of EggPC generated extensive TBARS but not AChE loss; addition of AH(2)/GSH to EggPC resulted in smaller AChE declines and fewer TBARS. 3-NT formation occurred with or without EggPC, low concentration antioxidants, SOD, catalase, or DTPA, but was inhibitable by desferrioxamine or high antioxidant concentrations. The data suggest that reaction/diffusion limitations govern (*)NO(2) distribution, that (*)NO(2) per se directly nitrates tyrosine residues within hydrophobic regions, and that the induction of secondary oxidative processes is dependent on nonlinear relationships among (*)NO(2) flux rates, antioxidant concentrations, and diffusivity of secondary reactive species.
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PMID:Influence of epithelial lining fluid lipids on NO(2)-induced membrane oxidation and nitration. 1263 49

Organophosphate (OP) poisoning, which inhibits cholinesterase activity, leads to severe cholinergic symptoms. Effective and quick management of these symptoms is considered critical to the clinical outcome. Acute renal damage following exposure to OP insecticides has been reported. Similar complications might occur following exposure to OP nerve agents, however, this subject has been studied only sporadically. In the present study, the effect of the nerve agent sarin on renal function was examined in rats. A single dose of sarin ( approximately 0.9 LD(50)) led to a significant reduction (of 45%) in renal function during the first 2 days post exposure, as exhibited by evaluation of the glomerular filtration rate, through measuring the clearance of ( 99m)Tc-DTPA. The urine volume was reduced by 50%, the urine specific gravity increased to 104% of the control value and massive hematuria and glucosuria were recorded 24-48 h post exposure. In addition, around 60% decrease in urine electrolytes was monitored during the first 2 days following exposure, with a recovery after 8 days. Post mortem gross inspection of the bladder, 24 h post exposure, revealed severe edema and hemorrhage. Treatment with the muscarinic antagonist atropine and the oxime TMB-4, at excessive doses administered 1 min post exposure, did not prevent most renal impairments. It has been concluded that sarin caused an acute renal dysfunction, possibly accompanied by bladder damage. These impairments were reversible, recovered spontaneously within 3-8 days, and were probably related to the state of shock and hypovolemia caused by the poisoning. However, if renal impairments are left unattended, they might contribute to the overall toxic manifestation and as a result aggravate the clinical state of intoxicated casualties.
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PMID:Transient and reversible nephrotoxicity of sarin in rats. 1715 77