Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pyridostigmine bromide, a reversible anticholinesterase drug, was used by military personnel during the Gulf War. They were under physical stress and might have been exposed to low-dose nerve gas, sarin. This study examined the interactions of low-dose sarin and pyridostigmine in exercised mice. Male NIH Swiss mice were treated as follows: 1) Control; 2) Sarin (0.01 mg/kg, sc); 3) exercise; 4) sarin plus exercise; 5) pyridostigmine; 6) pyridostigmine plus exercise; 7) pyridostigmine plus sarin; 8) pyridostigmine plus sarin plus exercise. Exercise was given daily for 10 weeks on treadmill and pyridostigmine and sarin were administered daily during the 5th and 6th weeks only. Respiratory exchange ratio decreased significantly during the dosing period of 5th and 6th weeks in groups 4, 6, and 8. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the ten-week exercise, tissues isolated and analyzed. Sarin significantly decreased butyrylcholine esterase (BChE) activity in plasma; AChE activity in platelet, triceps muscle, and striatum; neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activity in platelets, spinal cord, cortex and striatum and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in sciatic nerve and cord. Sarin plus exercise significantly reduced BChE activity in plasma; acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in platelets, muscle, nerve and striatum; NTE activity in platelets, cord, cortex and striatum; and increased creatinine phosphokinase (CK) activity in plasma and MDA levels in cord. Pyridostigmine plus exercise significantly decrease BChE activity in plasma; AChE activity in muscle and enhanced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in muscle. Pyridostigmine plus sarin significantly decreased NTE activity in platelets, cord, cortex and striatum. Pyridostigmine plus sarin plus exercise significantly altered AChE activity and MDA levels in muscle; and NTE activity in platelets, nerve, cord and cortex. Exercise significantly augmented the changes in plasma CK activity, muscle and nerve AChE activity, platelet NTE activity and cord MDA levels induced by sarin. It is concluded that physical stress (exercise) enhanced the persistent/delayed toxic effects of low-dose sarin and pyridostigmine in specific tissues of mice.
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PMID:Persistent/delayed toxic effects of low-dose sarin and pyridostigmine under physical stress (exercise) in mice. 1552 54

Thirty-three patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (16 men, 17 women) were divided into 3 groups based on urinary excretion of albumin (U-Alb)--group A: U-Alb < 30 mg/d; group B: 30 mg/d < or = U-Alb < or = 300 mg/d; and group C: 300 mg/d < U-Alb. Serum creatinine levels were lower than 2.0 mg/dL in all the subjects. There was no difference in age, sex, therapy, body weight, body mass index (BMI), lean body mass (LBM), or hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) levels among the 3 groups. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) (kJ/h/m(2)) and adjusted RMR for lean body mass (kJ/h/m(2)) were significantly increased in group C compared with groups A and B. Hb concentrations, serum albumin levels, and creatinine clearance were much lower in group C than in groups A and B (P < .001). There were no difference in serum urea nitrogen, total cholesterol, cholinesterase and free thyroxine, or plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels among the 3 groups. Linear regression analysis revealed an inverse correlation between RMR and serum albumin levels, correlation between RMR and U-Alb, and inverse correlation between RMR and Hb concentrations, respectively, in these patients. In conclusion, RMR in diabetic patients correlated directly with U-Alb and inversely with serum albumin and Hb concentration. These findings suggest that RMR is related with urinary albumin loss and anemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus accompanied by diabetic nephropathy.
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PMID:Increased resting metabolic rate in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus accompanied by advanced diabetic nephropathy. 1553 91

Hematologic, protein electrophoresis, serum biochemistry, and cholinesterase values were determined in 36 free-living black stork nestlings (Ciconia nigra) between 25 and 53 days of age in order to establish normal reference values for this population. The following values were evaluated: white blood cell counts, red blood cell counts, packed cell volume, hemoglobin, heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, prealbumin, albumin, alpha-globulin, beta-globulin, gamma-globulin, total protein, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, calcium, phosphorus, iron, cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, uric acid, urea, creatinine, total solids, bile acids, and butyrylcholinesterase. Sex-dependent differences were observed in hemoglobin, prealbumin, albumin, gamma-globulin, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, and triglycerides. Packed cell volume, butyrylcholinesterase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and creatinine increased with age, whereas albumin, mean cell volume, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, and total solids decreased with age. These hematologic and serum biochemistry values can be used as reference ranges in free-living black stork nestlings.
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PMID:Hematologic, protein electrophoresis, biochemistry, and cholinesterase values of free-living black stork nestlings (Ciconia nigra). 1610 73

Trotters are exposed to a chronic prolonged stress, such as daily training and frequent races during their active lifespans. There is evidence that trotters undergo very often lethal lung infections after a race, and therefore, is likely that modifications of certain physiologic cellular parameters could account for the increased susceptibility to microbial diseases. Here, we demonstrate that in 7 trotters after a race either serum values (e.g., glycaemia, triglycerides, transaminases, gamma-glutamyltransferase, cholinesterase, amylase, alkaline phosphatase, total proteins, serum albumin, sodium, blood urea nitrogen, lactic dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, and creatinine) or hematological parameters (red blood cell count, hemoglobin, lymphocyte and monocyte count) were increased. At the same time, in the same animals after a race, macrophage migration inhibitory factor activity was depressed, thus indicating an impaired T-lymphocyte response. Finally, increased levels of circulating beta-glucans in some horses, after a race, may suggest a reduced clearance of fungal cell wall components. Taken together, these findings indicate a condition of multiple organ dysfunction, such as the liver, the kidney, the pancreas, and skeletal muscles, as well as a reduced cell-mediated immune response in trotters, after a race.
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PMID:Modifications of serum and cellular parameters in trotters after a race. Macrophage migration inhibitory activity reduction and serum beta-glucan elevation. 1611 12

A large series of plasma albumin (ALB, g/dl) and simultaneous blood and clinical measurements were prospectively performed on 92 liver resection patients, and processed to assess the correlations between ALB, other plasma proteins, additional variables and clinical events. The measurements were performed preoperatively and at postoperative day 1, 3 and 7 in all patients, and subsequently only in those who developed complications or died. In patients who recovered normally ALB was 4.3 +/- 0.4 g/dl (mean +/- SD) preoperatively, 3.7 +/- 0.7 at day 1 and 3, and 3.9 +/- 0.4 at day 7. In patients with complications its decrease was more prolonged. In non-survivors it was 3.4 +/- 0.4 preoperatively, 3.0 +/- 0.4 at day 1, and then decreased further. Regression analysis showed direct correlations between ALB and pseudo-cholinesterase (CHE, U/l, nv 5300-13000), cholesterol (CHOL, mg/dl), iron binding capacity (IBC, mg/dl), prothrombin activity (PA, % of standard reference) and fibrinogen, an inverse correlation with blood urea nitrogen (BUN, mg/dl) for any given creatinine level (CREAT, mg/dl), and weaker direct correlations with hematocrit, other variables and dose of exogenous albumin. An inverse relationship found between ALB and age (AGE, years) became postoperatively (POSTOP) also a function of outcome, showing larger age-related decreases in ALB associated with complications (COMPL: sepsis, liver insufficiency) or death (DEATH). Main overall correlations: CHE = 287.4(2.014)(ALB), r = 0.73; CHOL = 16.5(1.610)(ALB) (1.001)(ALKPH), r = 0.71; IBC = 68.6(1.391)(ALB), r = 0.64; PA = 13.8 + 16.0(ALB), r = 0.51; BUN = 21.3 + 20.2(CREAT) - 6.2(ALB), r = 0.91; ALB = 5.0-0.013(AGE) - {0.5 + 0.003(AGE)( COMPL ) + 0.012(AGE)( DEATH )}( POSTOP ), r = 0.74 [p < 0.001 for each regression and each coefficient; ALKPH = alkaline phosphatase, U/l, nv 98-279, independent determinant of CHOL; discontinuous variables in italics label the change in regression slope or intercept associated with the corresponding condition]. These results suggest that altered albumin synthesis (or altered synthesis unable to compensate for albumin loss, catabolism or redistribution) is an important determinant of hypoalbuminemia after hepatectomy. The correlations with age and postoperative outcome support the concept that hypoalbuminemia is a marker of pathophysiologic frailty associated with increasing age, and amplified by the challenges of postoperative illness.
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PMID:The relationship between albumin, other plasma proteins and variables, and age in the acute phase response after liver resection in man. 1658 10

Although the effects of acute pesticide poisoning are well known for the pesticides most currently used, hardly any data exist on health effects after long-term low-dose exposures. Major unresolved issues include the effect of moderate exposure in the absence of poisoning. The increased utilization of pesticides other than organophosphates makes it even more difficult to find associations. In this study a cohort of 106 intensive agriculture workers were assessed twice during the course of a spraying season for changes in serum biochemistry, namely enzymes reflecting cytotoxicity (AST, ALT, LDH, CK, and amino-oxidase) and other biochemical parameters, such as markers of nephrotoxicity (urea, creatinine) and lipid profile (cholesterol and triglycerides). Several criteria for estimating pesticide exposure were used, the most important one being serum cholinesterase depression greater than 25% from baseline to peak exposure. Our results revealed an association of pesticide exposure with changes in AST (increased activity), LDH, and amino-oxidase (decreased activity) as well as with changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus (lower and higher levels, respectively). These results provide support for a very slight impairment of the liver function, but overall these findings are consistent with no clinically significant hepatotoxicity. Intriguingly, paraoxonase-1 R allele was found to be an independent predictor of higher rates of AST and lower rates of amino-oxidase, so that it may play a supporting role as an individual marker of susceptibility on pesticide-induced health effects. In conclusion, different biomarkers might be used to detect early biochemical effects of pesticides before adverse clinical health effects occur.
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PMID:Influence of exposure to pesticides on serum components and enzyme activities of cytotoxicity among intensive agriculture farmers. 1662 Aug 8

Dosage regimes of aminoglycosides and vancomycin are modified according to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In 130 hospitalized patients who were administered amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and vancomycin by intermittent intravenous infusion, we compared the predicted GFR values from the serum concentrations of creatinine (Cockcroft and Gault. Nephron. 1976;16:31-41) and cystatin C (Larsson et al. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2004;64:25-30) with respect to their relevance for proper dosage. In 83% and 67% of the cases, respectively, the serum levels of albumin and cholinesterase were below the corresponding lower limit of the reference range. The ratio of creatinine/cystatin C concentrations presented significant correlations with the predicted rate of creatinine production (r=0.762, P<0.001), serum albumin concentration (r=0.205, P<0.05), and catalytic serum concentrations of cholinesterase (r=0.207, P<0.05), gamma glutamyltransferase (r=-0.273, P<0.01), and alkaline phosphatase (r=-0.289, P<0.01). The GFR (mean+/-SD; median) predicted by the serum creatinine (84.0+/-35.1 mL/min/1.73 m; 82.6 mL/min/1.73 m) was significantly higher (P<0.001) than that predicted by the serum cystatin C (53.1+/-30.2 mL/min/1.73 m; 44.9 mL/min/1.73 m). The ratio between the GFR values predicted by creatinine and cystatin C had a highly significant negative correlation with the rate of creatinine production (r=-0.912, P<0.001). Furthermore, significant differences were found for the peak concentrations and clearances of amikacin and vancomycin estimated by means of the Abbottbase Pharmacokinetic Systems program, and using the GFR values predicted by the serum creatinine and cystatin C (P<0.005). In patients with hepatic dysfunction, the clearance of creatinine predicted by the Cockcroft-Gault formula leads to a significant overestimation of the GFR. Cystatin C seems to be a valid alternative as a GFR marker with regard to drug dose adjustment in these cases.
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PMID:Serum cystatin C for the prediction of glomerular filtration rate with regard to the dose adjustment of amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and vancomycin. 1677 15

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate in a randomised crossover study the effects on nutritional status of two isonitrogenous-isocaloric regimens of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in 12 severely cachectic cancer patients. The regimens consisted of (1) G: 50 kcal of glucose.kg(-1).day(-1) + 2g amino-acids.kg(-1).day(-1) (2) GL: 30 kcal glucose and 20 kcal lipids.kg(-1) + 2g amino-acids.kg(-1).day(-1). Regimens G and GL were delivered sequentially for a period of 10 days each. Six patients (Group A) were randomised to receive regimen G first and regimen GL subsequently. In Group B patients the regimens alternated in the opposite way. The following nutritional variables were measured before TPN, after regimen G and after regimen GL: weight, arm circumference, arm muscle circumference, triceps skin fold, serum proteins, serum albumin, cholinesterase, transferrin, pre-albumin, retinol-binding protein, peripheral lymphocytes, cumulative nitrogen balance and mean urinary excretion of creatinine and 3-methylhistidine. The data showed that body weight and retinol-binding protein significantly increased with both G and GL regimens. No difference was found in the remaining variables, not even when comparing regimen G to GL. Increase in retinol-binding protein and in nitrogen balance were significantly better in the first period of treatment than in the second. These results show that the two regimens had a similar impact on the nutritional status of the cachectic cancer patients and choice between a glucose or a glucose-fat TPN should depend mainly on tolerance of the patients, duration and cost of therapy.
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PMID:Comparison of glucose vs. Glucose fat solutions in cancer patients: A controlled crossover study. 1683 80

The following parameters were determined in blood serum of apparently healthy Bennett's wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus) using the Hitachi 917 (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) and/or the Vettest 8008 (IDEXX-GmbH, Woerrstadt, Germany): alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, ammonia, alpha-amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, Ca, Cl, cholesterol, cholinesterase, creatine kinase, creatinine, gammaglutamyltransferase, glucose, iron, lactate dehydrogenase, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, protein, sodium, total bilirubin, triglyceride, and urea. The results for cholesterol, glucose, total protein, triglyceride and for the enzymes alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase and lactate dehydrogenase differed significantly between both methods (P < 0.05). There is a negative correlation between the age of the Bennett's wallabies and the activity of the alkaline phosphatase. Five protein fractions could be separated on cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The mean concentrations of fructosamine and beta-hydroxybutyrate were 447.3 micromol/L and 0.27 mmol/L, respectively. The estimated vitamin A intake had no influence on the vitamin A concentration in serum. The serum vitamin E concentration was in general low and vitamin E was below the detection limit of 0.82 micromol/L in 29 out of 42 serum samples. The use of these analytes is discussed concerning the knowledge about the physiology, nutrition and diseases of macropods.
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PMID:On the clinical chemistry of the Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus). 1685 6

Children can be exposed to pesticides from numerous residential sources such as carpet, house dust, toys and clothing from treated homes, and flea control remedies on pets. In the present studies, 48 pet dogs (24 in each of two studies) of different breeds and weights were treated with over-the-counter flea collars containing chlorpyrifos (CP), an organophosphorus insecticide. Transferable insecticide residues were quantified on cotton gloves used to rub the dogs for 5 min and on cotton tee shirts worn by a child (Study 2 only). First morning urine samples were also obtained from adults and children in both studies for metabolite (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) quantification. Blood samples were obtained from treated dogs in Study 1 and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activity was monitored. Transferable residues on gloves for all compounds were highest near the neck of the dogs and were lowest in areas most distant from the neck. Rubbing samples (over the collar) at two weeks post-collar application contained 447+/-57 microg CP/glove while samples from the fur of the back contained 8+/-2 microg CP/glove. In Study 2, cotton tee shirts worn by children at 15 days post-collar application for 4 h showed CP levels of 134+/-66 ng/g shirt. There were significant differences between adults and children in the levels of urinary metabolites with children generally having higher urinary levels of metabolites than adults (grand mean+/-SE; 11.6+/-1.1 and 7.9+/-0.74 ng/mg creatinine for children and adults, respectively, compared to 9.4+/-0.8 and 6.9+/-0.5 ng/mg creatinine before collar placement). Therefore, there was little evidence that the use of this flea collar contributed to enhanced CP exposure of either children or adults.
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PMID:Assessing transferable residues from intermittent exposure to flea control collars containing the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos. 1739 89


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