Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present study reports of three kinds of experiments of unaffected primary rejection of xenogenous kidney transplanats in the close-related fox-dog species system. The issue is whether there is a relation between the amount of grafted parenchyma and the immune induced potency, that is whether the course of rejection of transplanted single kidneys (group I a) differs from the course after en-bloc transplantation of both kidneys (group I b). In group II alterations of blood chemism and behavior of humoral antibodies are followed in dogs to which a fox kidney was transplanted, while keeping their own functioning kidneys. This experiment is to give information whether the uremic syndrome influences the development of humoral immunity, and what changes of blood chemism may primarily be related to destruction of the graft, under the condition of absent uremia. Untreated graft recipients survived for 5,4 +/- 0,49 days (n = 5) when single kidneys were transplanted (group I a), and 5,2 +/- 0,75 days (n = 5) when both kidneys were grafted en-bloc (group I b). As to the rejecting reactions, both groups are almost equal: the increasing functional failure causes a fast increase of creatinine and urea nitrogen; alkaline phosphatase and LDH show distinct alterations, related to the progress of the graft's destruction. Decrease of albumin level and loss of cholinesterase activity indicate an impaired hepatic function as reaction to uremic intoxication. Gamma-globulins and leucocytes show alterations that can be related to non-specific inflammatory reactions. The immunologically specific initial lymphopenia suggests that after revascularization these cells migrate to the graft, and later react with antigenic structures of vascular endothelium and still later with those of the organ cells. Cytotoxic antibodies appear on the 4th postoperative day in increasing amount. Post mortem histologic examination shows round cell infiltrates in the vastly necrotic renal parenchyma. When the recipient's kidneys are kept in situ and a fox kidney is transplanted (group II) uremia is avoided and the animals survive. During the 30-days period of observation, that is longer than the term of rejection, the titer of cytotoxic antibodies remains stable or tends to increase. LDH and alkaline phosphatase show characteristic changes that are considered sequels from destructed transplantate. The experiments show, aside from certain reservations, that the donor-host combination fox-dog is suitable to serve as preclinic model for human transplantation using xenogenous donors of organs, i. e. anthropoid primates.
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PMID:[The unaffected primary rejection of xenogeneic kidney transplants in the closely related fox-dog species system]. 3 59

Ten male rhesus monkeys, each weighing 3.5 kg, were divided into four groups of 3, 3, 2, and 2, and were fed daily with 100 g pelleted food containing 300, 30, 3, and 0 ppm cadmium, respectively. Urine samples were collected every 2 weeks and blood samples every 4 weeks. One monkey each of the 300 and 30 ppm groups was autopsied for pathological examination and tissue cadmium determination at the week 24 of the experiment; the remaining 8 animals were killed after 55 weeks. The lowest exposed group (3 ppm) did not show any specific biological response to cadmium over a period of 55 weeks. In the 30 ppm group, no significant changes were observed for up to 24 weeks, although cadmium concentration in the renal cortex and urine at 24 weeks were 300 mug/g wet weight and 18 mug/l., respectively. Plasma urea nitrogen and urine protein (quantitative determination) increased after 30 and 36 weeks. At 55 weeks of the experiment, qualitative tests were negative for low molecular weight proteinuria and glycosuria, and the results remained normal for renal and liver function tests and blood analysis, although cadmium concentrations in the renal cortex of two monkeys were 460 and 730 mug/g wet weight and those in the liver were 110 and 160 mug/g wet weight, respectively. In the highest exposure group (300 ppm), urine cadmium increased to 250 mug/l. by 11 weeks, and urine retinol-binding protein, plasma GOT, GPT, and LDH increased after 12 weeks. Proteinuria (quantitative determination), glycosuria, aminoaciduria (panaminoaciduria), and erythrocytopenia were observed after 16 weeks, when urine cadmium was 500-900 mug/l. Hypohemoglobinopathy and proteinuria (qualitative determination) were observed after 20 and 24 weeks, while cadmium concentrations in the renal cortex and the liver were 760 and 430 mug/g wet weight at 24 weeks, respectively. Slightly depressed tubular reabsorption of phosphate, increased urine beta(2)-microglobulin, increased plasma urea nitrogen, and increased plasma alpha(2)-globulin fraction (electrophoresis) were observed between 28 and 30 weeks of the experiment. Creatinine clearance and plasma cholinesterase decreased after 47 and 54 weeks, respectively. Cadmium concentrations in the renal cortex and the liver of two monkeys at 55 weeks were 350 and 580 mug/g wet weight and 410 and 630 mug/g wet weight, respectively. Pathological examinations revealed denaturation, destruction, and regeneration of the epithelial cells in renal proximal tubules, but no pathological changes in osseous tissues. Critical cadmium concentration in the renal cortex was estimated to be 380 mug/g wet weight for low molecular weight proteinuria and 470 mug/g wet weight for proteinuria, glycosuria, and aminoaciduria. Critical concentration in the liver was also estimated to be 210 mug/g wet weight. The apparent biological half-time of cadmium in monkeys at autopsied stage was calculated to be 0.66, 6.4, 5.2, and 22.4 years for the 300, 30, 3, and 0 ppm groups, respectively.
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PMID:Effects of dietary cadmium on rhesus monkeys. 11 86

The nutritional state of 168 patients in a medical clinic was determined with the following parameters: Weight/height index, triceps skin fold, arm muscle circumference, creatinine/height index, albumin, prealbumin, transferrin and cholinesterase. Using these parameters we found that 51.2% of these patients were suffering from malnutrition (26.2% marasmus, 7.7% kwashiorkor-like syndrome, 17.3% marasmic kwashiorkor). Triceps skin fold, arm muscle circumference and creatinine/height index were the most precise parameters to confirm marasmus. Prealbumin and cholinesterase are especially recommended to determine acute protein deficiency, albumin to confirm chronic protein deficiency. It was also possible to demonstrate the deleterious effect of malnutrition on the immunological system of the patient through determination of the absolute lymphocyte count in peripheral blood and intracutaneous testing with streptokinase-dornase, mumps skin test antigen and candida vaccine.
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PMID:[Nutritional states in a medical clinic]. 44 10

The most important problems of surgery in the aged patient are: immediate recognition of risk factor (few, but reliable laboratory parameters in the sense of "searching tactics": status of blood, blood sugar, urea-N, creatinine, cholinesterase), careful procedural choice, immediate mobilisation postoperatively, subsequent rehabilitation, if necessary. The operation itself must be fast but careful and as restricted as possible.
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PMID:[Man in old age: from the viewpoint of the surgeon]. 47 72

210 male patients hospitalized for cardiac rehabilitation have been studied. As a result of age matching the sample was reduced to 190 patients: 72 patients with myocardial infarction, 90 patients with functional cardiovascular diseases, and 28 patients with angina pectoris. At the beginning and at the end of the 4 to 6 week rehabilitation program total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, phosphatides, GOT, GPT, LDH, HBDH, cholinesterase, aldolase, blood sugar, creatinine, electrolytes, hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukozytes, and catecholamines were measured. In addition to the statistical comparison of the three groups and their specific change patterns, effects of body weight reduction and improvement of physical fitness were analyzed. The decrease of lipids is especially associated with weight reduction, whereas the decrease of enzyme activity and electrolyte concentration is accompanied as well with weight reduction as with the improvement of physical fitness.
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PMID:[Biochemical measures in cardiac patients: an analysis of change during rehabilitation (author's transl)]. 69 75

We measured the cholinesterase activity in morning urines from 63 insulin-dependent diabetics and 27 controls. The total esterase (TotE) activity (Ellman's method) has been divided into aliesterase (AliE), pseudocholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase by means of two inhibitors, eserine and quinidine. Diabetics were divided in 2 groups according to the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol, < 2 in group 1, > 2 in group 2). The urinary cholinesterase behavior was correlated with that of a known tubular lysosomal hydrolase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG). Compared to normals, in addition to a significant increase in urinary NAG in diabetes (in group 2 more than in group 1), TotE and AliE were also significantly raised (+36% and 109% of the controls, in group 1 as much as in group 2).
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PMID:Urinary cholinesterase activity is increased in insulin-dependent diabetics: further evidence of diabetic tubular dysfunction. 130 57

The urinary excretion rates of diethyl phosphate and diethyl phosphorothioate and changes in blood cholinesterase activities were studied in fifteen persons self-poisoned either by the organophosphorus pesticide quinalphos (twelve persons) or by chlorpyrifos (three persons). The organophosphate poisoning was always indicated by a significant depression of serum and/or red blood cell cholinesterase activities. The return of serum cholinesterase activity in the range of referent values took more than 30 days and had a different course in different persons. The most rapid increase in red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity was noted within 24 h after the first treatment with oximes Pralidoxime and/or HI-6. None of the spot urine samples, collected daily after admission of persons to hospital, contained measurable quantities of the parent pesticide. There was no correlation between the maximum concentration of total urinary diethylphosphorus metabolites normalized to creatinine and the initial inhibition of blood cholinesterase activities measured in samples collected on the day of admission to hospital. The excretion of metabolites followed the kinetics of a biphasic reaction. The half-time of urinary metabolites concentration decrease in the fast excretion phase in quinalphos poisoned persons was 5.5-14.2 h (eight persons) and 26.8-53.6 h (four persons) and in chlorpyrifos poisoned persons 3.5-5.5 h. The half-time for the slow excretion phase ranged from 66.5 to 127.9 h in all persons and for both compounds. For a given person, the rates of excretion of diethyl phosphate and diethyl phosphorothioate were about the same. However, in quinalphos poisoned persons the proportions of single metabolites in total diethylphosphorus metabolites varied with the initial maximum concentration of total metabolites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Urinary excretion of diethylphosphorus metabolites in persons poisoned by quinalphos or chlorpyrifos. 137 16

Reference serum biochemical values were determined in blood samples from 15 male, 18 female, and 4 unsexed emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) 1 to 48 months old. Serum biochemical values also were obtained for 19 male, 26 female, and 4 unsexed ostriches (Struthio camelus) 1 to 60 months old. Parametric (mean +/- 2 SD) and non-parametric (fifth to 95th percentile) reference ranges and linear trends as influenced by age were determined for enzyme activities and concentrations of glucose, inorganic phosphate, BUN, uric acid, creatinine, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, and albumin. Species differences for all analytes, except cholesterol and inorganic phosphate concentrations, were detected. Creatine kinase values in ostriches were higher than those in emus. There were no linear relationships between age and analyte values in emus, and sex did not significantly (P < 0.05) affect the values in emus. Analyte values in ostriches tended to increase with age, but cholesterol, creatine kinase, inorganic phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations decreased with age. Glucose, triglyceride, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and cholinesterase concentrations in ostriches were not linearly associated with age. Age had a greater effect on the analyte values of female ostriches than it did on male ostriches. Concentrations generally increased with age in female ostriches, except for cholesterol, cholinesterase, inorganic phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations, which decreased with age.
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PMID:Reference serum biochemical values for emus and ostriches. 145 16

A 29-year-old patient suffering from stenosis of the rectum and a periproctal fistula due to a severe form of Crohn's disease was completely fed by the parenteral route for 15 months, incl. 13 months at home, via a totally implanted cannula system Implantofix, Braun Co.. The patient felt throughout the period of parenteral nutrition very well, he worked and the secretion from the fistula stopped after four weeks. After 15 months of complete parenteral nutrition and elimination of oral food intake a marked improvement of the local finding in the rectum was observed. All laboratory findings (haemogram, liver tests, urea, creatinine, transferrin, albumin, cholinesterase and pre-albumin, serum levels of sodium, potassium, chlorides, calcium and phosphates) were throughout the observation period within a normal range. The body weight of the patient increased during the 15 months by 1 kg. The described case is the first one where domiciliary parenteral nutrition was used in Czechoslovakia under ambulatory conditions.
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PMID:[Long-term home parenteral nutrition using a totally implanted cannulation system]. 150 94

Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (30 g, 5 min, constant rate) were performed in 8 IDDM patients and in 8 controls. The consequences of the osmotic pressure, induced by glucose, were investigated. Serum choline esterase was used as an endogenous marker of serum dilution. Five minutes after the end of infusion plasma glucose was raised by 182 +/- 12 mg.dl-1 in patients and by 189 +/- 6 mg.dl-1 in controls. Choline esterase values decreased by 6.6 +/- 0.8% and 6.3 +/- 1.0% respectively, P less than 0.01 each. Calculated water shifts into the extracellular space were 924 +/- 112 ml and 882 +/- 140 ml respectively. Fifteen minutes after the end of infusion glucose decreased by 32 +/- 1 mg.dl-1 in IDDM patients and by 57 +/- 2 mg-1 in controls. Serum choline esterase recovered by 2.6 +/- 0.2% and 2.7 +/- 0.2% respectively, P less than 0.01 each, indicating comparable water correction in spite of the slower fall of glucose in IDDM patients. Water correction was more rapid than glucose fall. Diuresis (46 +/- 4 ml versus 42 +/- 3 ml) or cellular uptake of serum solutes (electrolytes, amino acids, urea, creatinine) could not explain this. It is hypothesized that accumulation of free intracellular glucose reduces the osmotic gradient and facilitates cellular water re-uptake.
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PMID:Osmotic stress due to changes in plasma glucose and its regulation in IDDM patients. 152 25


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