Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Soluble interleukin 2 receptors (sIL 2R) in the sera of patients with viral liver diseases were quantified with a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay using two monoclonal antibodies against the receptors. The sIL 2R levels in patients with acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma were significantly higher than those in control subjects. In acute hepatitis patients, the high levels of sIL 2R observed during the florid stage returned to normal during remission. Levels in patients with chronic active hepatitis were significantly higher than in those with chronic persistent and lobular hepatitis, and levels observed during the exacerbation phase of chronic hepatitis were higher than they were during remission. Thus, in chronic hepatitis, sIL 2R levels increased in proportion to the inflammatory activity, and correlated well with serum transaminase (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase: SGOT, glutamic pyruvic transaminase: SGPT) activities, but not with blood urea nitrogen or creatinine concentrations. In patients with a high degree of focal and piecemeal necrosis, serum sIL 2R levels increased further during recombinant interleukin 2 therapy. In post-hepatitic liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, sIL 2R levels correlated with serum cholinesterase and creatinine concentrations, but not with transaminase activities. Measurement of serum sIL 2R levels in patients with liver disease but without renal injury, may help in the diagnosis of inflammation in hepatitis, a process in which interleukin 2 may participate.
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PMID:Increased serum soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels in patients with viral liver diseases. 306 11

A prospective randomized double blind investigation was made in 24 multiple injured patients. All patients were treated with a combined parenteral-enteral nutrition during 7 days. A group of 11 patients received as a continuous infusion over 16 h 60 mg/kg BW carnitine daily. Beside carnitine and acetylcarnitine levels in plasma and urine the following parameters were determinated to evaluate the effect of carnitine: for the metabolism of fatty acids: triglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA), alpha-hydroxy-butyrate for the metabolism of carbohydrates: glucose, insulin and lactate in plasma. Finally for amino acid metabolism: urea, creatinine, cholinesterase and kolloid osmotic pressure in plasma as well as ureanitrogen and alpha-aminonitrogen excretion in urine. In the patients receiving carnitine especially acetyl-carnitine in plasma and acetyl-carnitine excretion in urine increased, proving that the administered carnitine can pass through the mitochondrial membrane. In these patients the plasma level of FFA was markedly lower than in the group without carnitine. Simultaneously the level of the alpha-hydroxybutyrate was elevated, equivalent to an increased oxydation of fatty acids. There was no difference between the two groups in the metabolism of carbohydrates. Administration of carnitine caused a slight increase of the production of urea (PU), catabolism could not be reduced. The excretion of alpha-aminonitrogen in urine augmented after carnitine infusion. Carnitine is an AA itself and so the amount of excreted alpha-amino nitrogen will increase; additionally the reabsorption of AA in the proximal renal tubulus may be inhibited by carnitine.
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PMID:[Experiences with L-carnitine in the post-stress phase]. 310 Apr 46

The positive influence of L-carnitine administration on postaggression metabolism was investigated. Clinical examinations were executed on three groups of patients K1, K2, K3). Comparable surgical operations like stomach- and intestinal- resections were performed on these groups of patients. During the first three days after operation a nutritional diet (parenteral, standardized hypocaloric) with (K2: 2 g; K3: 4g) and without L-carnitine (K1) was given. The effects of L-carnitine administration were evaluated by the following parameters: free fatty acids (FFS), triglycerides (TG), beta-hydroxybutyric acid (beta-OH-BS), acetacetate (ACAC), blood sugar (BZ), insulin (INS), lactate (LAK), pyruvate (PYR), total protein (GE), cholinesterase (CHE), urea production rate (PU), nitrogen of alpha-aminogroups (alpha-AN), nitrogen balance (NB), catabolic index (KI), BUN-Creatinine-quotient (B/K), total carnitine (GC), free carnitine (FC), acetyl carnitine (AC) and also the ratio between acetyl carnitine and free carnitine (AC/FC) in serum and urine. The results show no statistical significance. But they could lead to the following conclusions: Carnitine obviously reduces the insulin resistance. But it does not influence the post-operative perturbation of glucose-utilization. Carnitine reinforces the utilization of long chain fatty acids and thus improves the energy conversion. Carnitine leads to an earlier positive nitrogen balance. By giving 4 g of carnitine a day, already after three days a repletion of tissue deposits is possible, and a dose dependence for carnitine administration exists for the utilization of long chain fatty acids and the repletion of tissue deposits.
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PMID:[Effect of L-carnitine on post-stress metabolism in surgical patients]. 310 72

F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 1, 3, or 6 ppm methyl isocyanate by inhalation for 6 hr on 4 consecutive days. Deaths of rats were observed following 3 ppm exposures, and mice died after exposures to 6 ppm. Deaths appeared to be related to severe respiratory distress. Survivors in high dose groups lost weight initially, then gained weight at rates equal to controls throughout a 91-day recovery period. Lung weights increased significantly in male and female rats exposed to 3 ppm, but no persistent changes in brain, kidney, thymus, spleen, liver, or testis weights were seen in either mice or rats. Blood and serum from male and female rats were taken for clinical pathology and hematology assessments on day 7 of postexposure, the day prior to the first observed deaths of these animals. No changes or only slight changes were seen in measures of serum alanine aminotransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, or in blood and brain cholinesterase activities. However, serum creatine kinase increased with dose in both males and females. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and methemoglobin were unchanged. No changes were seen in counts of red blood cells or platelets, or in red cell indices. Hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrits were slightly elevated. No changes were noted in absolute leukocyte counts, but counts of segmented neutrophils increased and lymphocytes decreased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The toxicity of inhaled methyl isocyanate in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. II. Repeated exposure and recovery studies. 362 27

1. A variety of biochemical measurements were taken periodically in captive northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus L.), European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris L.), red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus L.) and common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula L.) to determine whether baseline values remain sufficiently stable throughout the year for general clinical use in the absence of concurrent control specimens. 2. Variables included whole blood hematocrit and hemoglobin, plasma lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, butyrylcholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, albumin, total protein, creatinine, urea nitrogen, uric acid, cholesterol, and triglycerides, and brain acetylcholinesterase. Butyryl- and acetylcholinesterase were included because of their specific uses in toxicology. 3. Significant seasonal differences were detected for each of the variables except brain acetylcholinesterase in at least one of the species. Significant species differences were detected during at least one season for all of the variables measured. 4. All species were maintained outdoors, but only northern bobwhites came into reproductive condition and showed sex-differences in the clinical variables during their normal breeding season. 5. It was concluded that reference values for the 18 clinical variables measured could be calculated from our data for adult specimens of the species studied, and that results for one species cannot be extrapolated with certainty to any other species. 6. Estimated normal bounds for each of the 18 variables measured by commonly used clinical procedures are presented for reproductively quiescent northern bobwhites, European starlings, red-winged blackbirds, and common grackles.
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PMID:Seasonal variation in diagnostic enzymes and biochemical constituents of captive northern bobwhites and passerines. 366 39

The hypothesis that the toxic effects of imidocarb mediated by reduced cholinesterase activity might be intensified by hypomagnesaemia was tested in calves. Hypomagnesaemia was induced in 12 males (50 kg) using an artificial milk based on a commercial nondairy coffee creamer. Although plasma magnesium levels reached 0.33 mmol litre-1 in two weeks no clinical signs were detected. In 12 control calves a daily magnesium supplement of 0.6 g was inadequate although the published requirement is 0.45 g; it was raised to 1.2 g to keep plasma magnesium normal. Lighter calves developed hypomagnesaemia more readily and fast-growing calves had lower plasma urea concentrations. Plasma calcium, but not plasma magnesium, showed significant positive correlation with plasma albumin. The only statistically significant effects of hypomagnesaemia were slight elevations of white cell count and plasma sodium. The hypomagnesaemic and normomagnesaemic calves were divided into two equal groups and treated with 3.3 mg kg-1 of imidocarb dipropionate or a placebo. The drug produced the expected clinical signs of mild toxicity and depression of cholinesterase but no other adverse effects. Transient slight depressions of plasma calcium and potassium concentration, a transient rise of plasma sodium and elevation of creatine kinase occurred. None of the effects of imidocarb treatment was intensified by hypomagnesaemia except, perhaps, constriction of the pupils; generally, hypomagnesaemic animals were affected less.
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PMID:Effect of induced hypomagnesaemia on the toxicity of imidocarb in calves. 370 46

Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture from nine-week-old suncus, mice and rats those had been fasted for 16 hours, and the serum was assayed for the levels of corticosterone, cortisol, and other constituents. The following results were obtained: The serum levels of corticosterone and cortisol and corticosterone/cortisol ratio of suncus were about the same as those of human. The SGPT, gamma-GT, ALP, LDH, Ca and K values in suncus were all within the normal range of the respective values in human. SGOT, amylase, BUN, Na, Cl, Fe and inorganic phosphate values were higher, and total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid, creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin and bilirubin levels were lower in suncus than the respective normal values in human. The values of SGOT, amylase, ZTT, and K were higher in female than in male suncus, while the values of gamma-GT and ALP were higher in the male. Feeding the animals individually in the individual cages for a week increased the values of direct bilirubin, total cholesterol, ZTT, Na, K and Cl and lowered the value of urea. The values of SGPT, ALP and triglyceride of suncus obtained in 1984 were higher, the value of albumin was lower, than the respective values obtained in 1983. The value of cholinesterase in suncus was very small.
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PMID:Serum constituents of Suncus murinus. 370 76

Using fully mechanized analytical equipment, interference by haemolysis in the determination of 26 clinical chemical parameters was determined quantitatively by adding haemolysate to serum. Haemoglobin concentrations up to 6.6 g/l caused essentially no interference in the following determinations: albumin (immuno-nephelometric), alpha-amylase, calcium, chloride, cholesterol, cholinesterase, creatinine, iron, glucose, glutamate dehydrogenase, uric acid, urea, sodium, inorganic phosphate, total protein, transferrin and triglycerides. In the presence of haemoglobin, erroneously high values were found for: lactate dehydrogenase (haemoglobin higher than 0.2 g/l), aspartate aminotransferase, potassium and acid phosphate (haemoglobin higher than 1.5 g/l), creatine kinase (haemoglobin higher than 2.5 g/l) and alanine aminotransferase (haemoglobin higher than 3.4 g/l). Erroneously low values were found for bilirubin (haemoglobin higher than 0.8 g/l), alkaline phosphatase and albumin (by electrophoresis) (haemoglobin higher than 1.5 g/l) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (haemoglobin higher than 3.0 g/l).
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PMID:Haemolysis as an interference factor in clinical chemistry. 371 97

Changes in the amount of hippurate synthesized and excreted in the urine after 1.5 gm benzoate loading (intravenous hippuric acid test [HAT]) in patients with liver disease before surgery were studied in relation to arterial blood ketone body ratio (acetoacetate/beta-hydroxybutyrate) (BKBR), reflecting energy status of the liver. In these patients, the HAT values for 120 minutes were decreased significantly (1.088 +/- 0.129 gm, n = 9; 1.071 +/- 0.258 gm, n = 7; 1.258 +/- 0.126 gm, n = 10; in cirrhosis with liver tumor, cirrhosis with esophageal varix, and obstructive jaundice, respectively) as compared with the value in patients without liver disease (1.829 +/- 0.093 gm, n = 16, P less than 0.01). The correlation coefficient of the BKBR and the HAT value was 0.766, which was higher than that of the BKBR and albumin or the BKBR and choline esterase (r = 0.532 and r = 0.646, respectively). Serum levels of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase, total and direct bilirubin, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were not correlated with the HAT values. Because hippurate is synthesized in liver mitochondria by the continuous supply of adenosine triphosphate through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, HAT is considered to be a test that evaluates the energetic capacity of the liver to manage a metabolic load imposed on it.
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PMID:Clinical significance of hippurate-synthesizing capacity in surgical patients with liver disease: a metabolic tolerance test. 377 26

In order to determine whether a structural modification at the active center of cholinesterase may alter the conformational stability of the enzyme we compared the urea-induced unfolding of the tetrameric form of non-inhibited and irreversibly inhibited human plasma cholinesterase (acylcholine acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.8). We studied enzyme inhibited by methanesulfonyl fluoride, diisopropylfluorophosphonate (DFP) and racemic soman. DFP- and soman-inhibited cholinesterases are converted spontaneously into non-reactivable forms called 'aged' enzymes through a process involving dealkylation of the bound organophosphate residue. The unfolding was followed by transverse urea-gradient polyacrylamide electrophoresis at various temperatures ranging from 0 to 60 degrees C. Unfolding of cholinesterase appears to be a complex process. The denaturation patterns showed that partially unfolded states are thermodynamically unstable, but that several intermediates are involved; the lifetime of these depends on the temperature at which electrophoreses are carried out. Cholinesterase inhibited by methanesulfonyl fluoride behaved like the non-inhibited enzyme. On the other hand, small but significant differences in stability between non-inhibited and aged enzymes were observed. Whatever the temperature, the urea concentration at the mid-point of transition was always greater for aged enzyme than for the non-inhibited enzyme. In addition, aged enzymes showed more complex denaturation patterns at the lower temperatures (under 20 degrees C). These findings suggest that the overall stability of aged-cholinesterases is slightly increased as compared with the stability of non-inhibited or methanesulfonyl fluoride-inhibited enzymes. The denaturation pattern obtained at 0 degree C for soman-inhibited cholinesterase under non-aging conditions (inhibition at 0 degree C, pH 10.7) was similar to that of non-inhibited enzyme at this temperature, although splitting in two of the denaturation curve over the transition zone reflects the heterogeneity of soman-inhibited enzyme. The slight difference in denaturation behavior between these species may be due to stereoisomerism in soman. The differences in electrophoretic behavior and apparent stability observed between non-inhibited and aged enzymes were interpreted as the result of a conformational change induced by the dealkylation reaction of enzyme-inhibitor conjugates.
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PMID:Evidence that the conformational stability of 'aged' organophosphate-inhibited cholinesterase is altered. 394 40


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