Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Biochemical analyses of sera from 27 patients with anorexia nervosa were performed and compared with those of normal female volunteers and other anorectic groups including patients who had undergone digestive tract surgery and patients with malignancies. There were significant increases in gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, cholesterol, and amylase activity and significant decreases in total serum protein, blood sugar, albumin, globulins, and cholinesterase in anorexia nervosa patients compared with normal control subjects. At discharge, these values slightly improved. Similar alterations were also observed in two other anorectic groups. Compared with anorexia nervosa patients, the two other anorectic groups showed a severe reduction in the albumin level and increase in the globulin level. In two other anorectic groups cholesterol levels were lower, and in the malignancy group cholinesterase level was lower than in the anorexia nervosa patients. In anorexia nervosa patients, biochemical abnormalities in the serum were more frequent in total serum protein (93%), blood sugar (85%), and globulins (78%) than in other serum factors, such as blood urea nitrogen (15%), uric acid (15%), and alkaline phosphatase (7%). These results suggest that detection of biochemical abnormalities in the above-mentioned serum factors in routine analyses would be valuable in making an early diagnosis of anorexia nervosa from various anorectic disorders.
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PMID:Biochemical abnormalities of the serum in anorexia nervosa. 245 69

A subacute toxicity study of propiverine hydrochloride (P-4), a new anti-pollakiuria agent, was carried out using male and female Wistar rats. P-4 was orally administered to rats at dose levels of 2, 10, 50 and 150 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks, followed by 5 weeks recovery period. The results obtained are as follows: 1. In the general conditions, transient salivation was observed immediately after administration and blotted fur at lower abdomen was noted in rats given 50 mg/kg/day or more. There were no deaths related to P-4. 2. Body weight gain was depressed in males given 50 mg/kg/day or more and females given 150 mg/kg/day. No significant changes in food consumption were observed. Water consumption increased in the groups of 50 mg/kg/day or more. 3. Urinalysis revealed an increase of urine volume, decreases of osmotic pressure, protein and urobilinogen, and a slight increase in excretion of electrolyte in rats given 50 mg/kg/day or more. 4. Hematological examinations revealed slight changes such as an increase in erythrocyte count and a shortening of APTT in rats given 150 mg/kg/day. 5. Serum biochemical examinations showed a decrease in triglyceride and increases in gamma-GTP and AlP activities, and urea nitrogen in males given 50 mg/kg/day or more and females given 150 mg/kg/day. Additionally, decreases in total and free cholesterol, and phospholipid for males and an increase of total cholesterol and a decrease of cholinesterase activity for females were detected. 6. At autopsy, atrophy of thymus and spleen was observed in rats given 50 mg/kg/day or more, but without histopathological correlation. Histopathological examinations revealed hypertrophy and fatty degeneration of hepatocytes, which were accompanied with increases of absolute and/or relative liver weight, in males given 50 mg/kg/day or more and females given 150 mg/kg/day. Electron-microscopy showed proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the same groups. In the kidney, eosinophilic and intranuclear inclusions in the tubular epithelium were detected, in which cytoplasm there were no toxic injuries, in males given 10 mg/kg/day or more and females given 50 mg/kg/day or more. 7. After 5 weeks recovery period, above-mentioned changes were generally disappeared, suggesting that these were reversible. 8. The non-effective dose levels and the toxic dose levels of P-4 were estimated to be 2 mg/kg/day for males and 10 mg/kg/day for females, and 50 mg/kg/day for males and 150 mg/kg/day for females, respectively.
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PMID:[Thirteen-week oral toxicity study of propiverine hydrochloride in rats]. 260 52

The influence of meat containing ammonia in concentrations of 0.1 and 0.3% was studied in chronic experiments on 3 generations of rats (males and females). To investigate the function of the liver, kidneys and CNS, alanine-aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and the content of the total protein and its fractions were assayed in the blood serum; cholinesterase activity, sulfhydryl groups, urea and residual nitrogen were assayed in the blood, as well as the parameters of rheobase, chronaxie and summation of subliminal impulses. The results of the investigation have shown that meat containing ammonia in concentrations of 0.1 and 0.3% produces a detrimental effect on the experimental animals, the highest effect being recorded with an ammonia concentration of 0.3%.
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PMID:[Study of the possible harmful action of meat containing ammonia on experimental animals]. 260 59

The health status of broilers fed diets with varying protein contents in the presence of ochratoxin A (OA) were evaluated using clinical-chemistry techniques for blood analysis. A completely randomized, 3 x 4 factorial design was utilized: 14, 18, 22, and 26% of dietary protein and 0, 2, and 4 mg/kg of OA. The broilers were raised to 3 wk of age, at which time blood was collected and various hematological parameters were evaluated. The serum was analyzed for various enzyme activities and for concentrations of metabolites and minerals using an automated, clinical-chemistry analyzer and an atomic-absorption spectrophotometer. Adding OA to the diets of broilers decreased the hemoglobin concentration, corpuscular volume, and the activity of serum alkaline and phosphatase but increased the activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase. Adding protein to the diet increased the activity of the serum aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and alkaline phosphatase. Adding OA to the diet of broilers decreased the concentrations of serum total protein, as well as the concentrations of albumen and cholesterol and increased the concentrations of serum creatinine and uric acid. The concentrations of serum total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen, and triglyceride were increased by adding protein to the diet. The concentrations of calcium, potassium, and inorganic phosphorus in the serum decreased when OA was added to the diet; but the concentrations of calcium and potassium content in the serum increased along with dietary protein. A regression analysis suggested that dietary protein was synergistic toward OA with regard to the blood levels of cholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glucose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Ochratoxin A and dietary protein. 2. Effects on hematology and various clinical chemistry measurements. 262 21

The grayanotoxin III (GTX III) was given intraperitoneally to rats at a dose of 0.8 or 2.8 mg/kg. To study the effects of GTX III on rats, biological tests in serum for functions of liver and kidney and their pathological observation were performed 1 h after the administration. Using analysis of variance, multiple comparison and correlation on biological parameters, activities of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), guanase and leucine aminopeptidase and concentrations of total protein, albumin, creatinine, uric acid and K increased significantly. These parameters showed dose-effect relations with GTX III. Though GPT and free fatty acid increased significantly, dose-effect relations were not shown. The activity of choline esterase and the concentrations of bilirubin, urea-N, lipoperoxide, cholesterol, triglycerides, Na and Cl were not significantly different. Pathological changes were not observed in the liver and kidney of rats. These results show that GTX III may affect the functions of liver and kidney in rats.
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PMID:[Effects of grayanotoxin III on liver function and renal function in rats]. 262 64

Groups of 21 male and 21 female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed diets containing pyriproxyfen at concentrations of 0, 80, 400, 2,000 and 10,000 ppm for 6 months. No death was found in any group. Alopecia in the neck and/or back, and soft feces were noticed in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm. A marked decrease in body weight gain was observed in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm throughout the treatment period, accompanying a decrease in food-consumption and an increase in water-intake during the initial stage of treatment. In terms of urinalysis, proteinuria, increases in K excretion, and, in number, yellowness or browish-yellowness in appearance, were observed in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm. In females fed 10,000 ppm, increases in bilirubin, Na excretion and specific gravity, and a decrease in ketone bodies, were observed. In hematology, decreases in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit value, were observed in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm and in males fed 2,000 ppm. Also, an increase in MCH (in males), decreases in MCHC and platelet count (in females) were observed in 10,000 ppm group. Blood biochemistry revealed increases in total protein, albumin, alpha 2-globulin fraction, blood urea nitrogen, calcium (in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm), A/G ratio (in males fed 2,000 and 10,000 ppm), total cholesterol, phospholipid (in males fed 2,000 and 10,000 ppm, and in females fed 10,000 ppm), sodium (in females fed 2,000 and 10,000 ppm), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity (in males fed 10,000 ppm) and alpha 1-globulin fraction (in females fed 10,000 ppm), and decreases in glucose, GOT (in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm), beta-globulin fraction (in males fed 2,000 and 10,000 ppm, and in females fed 10,000 ppm), GPT (in females fed 2,000 and 10,000 ppm), triglyceride, potassium (in males fed 10,000 ppm), and cholinesterase activity (in female fed 10,000 ppm). In organ weight, increases in liver (in males fed 2,000 ppm and 10,000 ppm, and in females fed 10,000 ppm), kidney (in both sexes fed 10,000 ppm) and thyroid (in females fed 10,000 ppm) and a decrease in pituitary (in females fed 2,000 and 10,000 ppm) were observed. Gross pathology revealed a higher incidence of blackish-brown coloration of the liver, and a lower incidence of accentuated lobular pattern of the liver (in males fed 10,000 ppm). An enlargement of the liver was seen in a few of both sexes fed 10,000 ppm. Histopathological examination showed that the sole effect attributable to treatment of this compound was on slight hypertrophy in the liver of both sexes fed 10,000 ppm, with a higher incidence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[A six-month chronic dietary toxicity study of pyriproxyfen in rats]. 273 65

Chronic effects of a sublethal dose (150 mg/kg body weight) of dimethoate, an organophosphorus insecticide, on blood constituents were investigated in rats after exposure of 15 and 30 days. A significant decrease was observed in haemoglobin concentration, total RBC and WBC counts and in haematocrit values. After 30 days of exposure, the levels of blood glucose, cholesterol, urea, total bilirubin and the activities of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic- pyruvic transaminase and amylase markedly increased, but the activities of acid phosphatase and cholinesterase significantly decreased. There was no effect on total plasma protein content. The rats exposed to dimethoate for 30 days showed more prominent changes in all the blood constituents than those exposed for 15 days.
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PMID:Haematological changes induced by dimethoate in rat. 280 6

Stabilization of fetal bovine serum (FBS) acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine acetylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) (AChE) and human butyrylcholinesterase (acylcholine acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.8) (BuChE) by ligands and inhibitors was studied as a function of physical and chemical perturbation. Denaturation of AChE occurred as a binary exponential function in the temperature range studied (50-56 degrees C); the slower fraction progressively diminished as the temperature was increased. Inclusion of ligands or inhibitors stabilized AChE as a function of temperature, ligand concentration and time. The rank order in which ligands stabilized AChE was: edrophonium greater than decamethonium greater than pralidoxime chloride much greater than procainamide. BuChE denaturation was retarded by ligands in the order: decamethonium greater than procainamide greater than edrophonium greater than pralidoxime. A plot of the quotient of the fast/slow ratio against the log of the 50% inhibitory concentration (I50) for ligands providing substantial protection yielded a linear relation, suggesting that these compounds stabilized AChE by a common mechanism involving the anionic site of the active center. Urea-induced cholinesterase denaturation was also retarded by these ligands.
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PMID:Ligand stabilization of cholinesterases. 280 38

To determine the in vitro function of microencapsulated hepatocytes, viable hepatocytes were isolated from rats and encapsulated within biocompatible alginate-polylysine membranes for in vitro studies. Urea formation, prothrombin and cholinesterase activity, the incorporation of tritiated leucine into intracellular proteins and the immunolocation of synthesized albumin were monitored in culture. Despite a decrease in some of these activities, the cultured hepatocytes continued to function throughout the 5-week observation period, producing and excreting urea, prothrombin and cholinesterase activity into the medium. In addition, albumin could be demonstrated within encapsulated hepatocytes for up to 5 weeks. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed the cells to be embedded within the alginate matrix and to retain a globular shape.
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PMID:Development and evaluation of a system of microencapsulation of primary rat hepatocytes. 280 66

The progression of effects induced by administration of ochratoxin A were characterized in young male broiler chickens (Hubbard x Hubbard). The experimental design consisted of four dietary treatments of ochratoxin A (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 micrograms ochratoxin A/g feed) and 11 replicates of 10 broilers/replicate. Broilers were housed in electrically heated batteries with feed and water available ad libitum. Broilers were weighed, bled, killed by cervical dislocation, and necropsied at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 days of age. Toxicity of ochratoxin A to broilers was evident as early as 6 days of age, when significant (P less than .05) growth depression occurred at 4.0 micrograms dietary ochratoxin A/g feed. Dietary ochratoxin A significantly increased the relative weights of the liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, and gizzard. Anemia, characterized by a significant decrease in packed-cell volume and hemoglobin levels, was present during ochratoxicosis. Hepatotoxicity of dietary ochratoxin A was evident through an observed significant reduction in serum levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, and blood urea nitrogen, and a significant increase in the serum activities of gamma glutamyl transferase and cholinesterase. A significant increase in serum uric acid and creatinine levels was indicative of nephrotoxicity. These data provide a description of the progression of ochratoxicosis in broilers that should be useful in diagnosis and in improved understanding of ochratoxicosis.
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PMID:Progression of ochratoxicosis in broiler chickens. 290 99


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