Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
 12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The influence of acute poisoning with Dursban (O.P.I.) and D.D.T. (O.cl.I.) on serum enzymes and histopathological examination of the liver, kidney and testes was investigated in albino rats. Two repeated i.p. injections of Dursban in a dose of half the LD 50 resulted in a significant increase in serum GOT, GPT and alkaline phosphatase activity and a decrease of cholinesterase. In case of DDT, two doses of 150 mg/kg orally resulted in a significant increase in the activity of serum GPT only, while three doses increased serum GOT and GPT. No significant change was observed in serum alkaline phosphatase and cholinesterase activity. Regarding the pathological examination it was found that in animals treated with Dursban there was liver necrosis of mid-zonal type and fatty change at the periphery. In case of DDT the liver cells lost their radial arrangements and showed fatty change. There was cellular infiltration in the centre, mostly mononucleolar cells. In both insecticides there was necrosis of some of the seminiferous tubules of the testes and cloudy swelling of the convoluted tubules of the kidney. Histochemical study of the liver in animals treated with Dursban showed that glycogen was deposited at one side of the cell. However, there was depletion of glycogen around the central vein. In liver treated with DDT there were large globules of fat inside the liver cells, indicating increased fat content compared to control liver, where there were tiny minute droplets of fat.
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PMID:Acute toxicity of organophosphorus and organochlorine insecticides in laboratory animals. 9 70

1. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in Tris/glycine buffer (pH 8.3) revealed five forms of acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) in the 100 000 X g, 1-h supernatants of aqueous fly-head extracts from the DDT/S strain. Five other housefly strains (CSMA, Bayer 21/199, Cradson/P, Malathion/R and DDT/R)were shown qualitatively to have the same soluble forms of the enzyme. 2. Plots of the electrophoretic mobility versus polyacrylamide concentration indicated that the multiple forms constituted a size isomer family. From the retardation coefficients derived from these plots, molecular weight estimates were obtained; these suggested that the smallest active component was a form of approx. 80 000 daltons. The higher aggregates, however, did not appear as simple oligomers of this component. 3. Density gradient sedimentation supported the electrophoretic findings. The smallest active component, with a sedimentation coefficient of 5.3 S, was confirmed as a molecular species of acetylcholinesterase that has not previously been obtained from house-flies; higher aggregates gave sedimentation coefficients of 7.4, 7.8. 8.1, and 11.8 S. 4. Gel-filtration on calibrated Sephadex G-150 columns provided further evidence that the smallest active component was a form of about 80 000 daltons. 5. Autolysis converted much of the particulate enzyme and all of the soluble forms into a species of approx. 160 000 daltons indistinguishable from the native 7.4-S form. Both the autolysed enzyme and the native 7.4-S form were susceptible to cleavage by disulphide reducing agents, and released catalytically active subunits that corresponded to the 5.3-S form of 80 000 daltons. The data were compatible with a monomer-dimer relationship between the 5.3-S and 7.4-S forms. 6. The possibility is suggested that a form of molecular weight approx. 80 000 constitutes the "fundamental unit" of insect cholinesterase.
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PMID:Acetylcholinesterase from the house-fly head. Molecular properties of soluble forms. 95 30

Genotoxicity of eight topically applied compounds was determined using the bone marrow micronucleus (MN) test and hair follicle nuclear aberration (NA) assay in CD1 mice. Twenty-four hours after a single treatment, cyclophosphamide (CY), applied at doses corresponding to 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32 of the published dermal LD50, and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), applied at 1/4, 1/8, and 1/16 of the published dermal LD50, were found to increase the incidence of NA in a dose-dependent manner. The frequency of MN was significantly increased only at the highest dose of CY. Using the same protocol, six pesticides applied in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at doses of 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32 of the dermal LD50 were investigated. Aminocarb and chlordane induced a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of NA, while there was an observed increase in NA incidence at only the highest doses of dichlorvos (DDVP), 4,4'-DDT (DDT), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). No effect was observed with fenitrothion on nuclear aberrations in hair follicles. Except for the highest dose of chlordane, none of the pesticides tested positive in the bone marrow micronucleus test. Serum cholinesterase levels were reduced to 70 +/- 4.7% of the DMSO control level with DDVP, 57 +/- 8.2% with aminocarb, and 60.3 +/- 4.8% with fenitrothion, indicating some systemic activity with these topically applied agents. The data suggest that aminocarb, chlordane, DDVP, DDT, and 2,4-D are genotoxic as determined by the NA assay and that this assay may be more useful in detecting topically applied genotoxic agents than the more often used bone marrow micronucleus test.
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PMID:Comparison of the activity of topically applied pesticides and the herbicide 2,4-D in two short-term in vivo assays of genotoxicity in the mouse. 208 12

Results of health survey and biological monitoring in pesticide formulators exposed to a combination of pesticides, an organophosphorus (OP) insecticide (phorate) and a persistent chlorinated insecticide (technical hexachlorocyclohexane; HCH; BHC) are reported. Exposure of 160 workers to a combination of pesticides (malathion, parathion, DDT and HCH) resulted in 73% of the workers showing toxic signs and symptoms. Formulators showed marked inhibition of whole blood, plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase (ChE) activity and slightly higher concentrations of DDT and HCH in serum. An interesting observation was that over 25% of the formulators showed ECG aberrations. The ECG changes were not related to whole blood ChE activity. Exposure to the chlorinated insecticide HCH in 19 workers engaged in the manufacture of technical HCH resulted in toxic signs and symptoms in over 90% of the subjects. The HCH concentrations in serum showed a ten-fold increase. Changes in the liver enzymes ornithine carbamyl transferase (OCT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and in immunoglobulin M(IgM) showed possible effects on liver and humoral immunity. ECG monitoring showed evidence of cardiac effects. Exposure of 40 formulators to a highly toxic OP insecticide (phorate) showed that over 60% of the workers suffered from toxic effects in spite of using a complete set of protective clothing. A marked and progressive inhibition in whole blood and plasma ChE activity was found during the two weeks of exposure to phorate. An appreciable recovery in ChE activity was observed 10 days after cessation of exposure. These surveys have established the need to practice and develop biological monitoring techniques to assess exposure and predict health risks in workers occupationally exposed to pesticides.
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PMID:Health surveillance and biological monitoring of pesticide formulators in India. 243 Mar 50

Two field studies to assess the health implications for farmers applying two different formulations containing organophosphorus (OP) pesticides to cotton by hand-held ULV are described. The first study, carried out in the Ivory Coast, involved the application of an endrin/DDT/methylparathion (MEP) formulation in an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent. The second study took place in Indonesia with a 20% monocrotophos formulation in a mixture of a glycol and a glycol ether. Both studies were carried out under actual field conditions. The purpose of the studies was to get a good assessment of the health hazards of the particular formulation, used under the specific circumstances and agronomic requirements of the area of application and taking into account all local, climatic and cultural conditions that could be of possible influence. The results showed that in both studies skin exposures took place during application and especially during handling, filling and cleaning, and that inhalation of spray mist was negligible. Absorption was confirmed by the presence in urine of metabolites of endrin and methylparathion in the Ivory Coast study, and of dimethyl phosphate in the Indonesia study. No clinical signs or symptoms of intoxication were discovered in either study, nor were inhibitions of cholinesterase (ChE) activity of health significance established under the conditions of the studies. In addition, various practical aspects such as choice of apparatus, of formulation, the application procedures etc. are discussed.
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PMID:Field studies on health effects from the application of two organophosphorus insecticide formulations by hand-held ULV to cotton. 302 32

This article reviews the biological indicators available for monitoring human neurotoxicity by exogenous chemicals with reference to the phases in which the neurotoxic process takes place, namely delivery, receptor-linkage, and toxicodynamic phase. Among the delivery phase tests, indicators are available for metals (lead, mercury) and some organic substances (CS2, n-hexane, DDT, etc.), but a correlation between neurotoxic effects and these indices is rather loose or not yet proved. The receptor-phase tests comprise well known enzymes, such as cholinesterase, less known but promising indicators, such as neuropathy target esterase (NTE), and new tools under study, such as acrylamide-hemoglobin adducts or 2,5-hexanedione-protein adducts. The toxicodynamic phase tests, which mainly consist of measuring substances released from the nervous system, have provided so far rather poor results, but more specific techniques of measurement (monoclonal antibodies) could offer new possibilities in the future.
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PMID:Biological indicators of neurotoxicity in central and peripheral toxic neuropathies. 307 8

To study the retinal changes in occupationally exposed pesticide workers, 79 subjects exposed to an organophosphate, fenthion, and 18 exposed to an organochlorine pesticide DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane], were subjected to a detailed study, including history taking, physical examination and ophthalmic evaluation. Fluorescein angiography was performed in selected cases. Serum cholinesterase level in 22 workers and serum DDT residue in 17 workers of the respective groups were also estimated. Fifteen workers (19%), who were exposed to fenthion had macular changes (P less than 0.01). The macular lesions were characterized by perifoveal irregularity of pigmentation and areas of hypopigmentation of 1/8-1/3 disc diameter. Mean age of the subjects having macular involvement was 30.6 years and mean duration of exposure 7.9 years. The symptoms reported by them were diminution of vision (8), dislike for bright light, flash of light, black dots in front of the eyes (2 each) and visual blurring (1). Paracentral scotoma and constriction of peripheral field were present in three workers each. Fluorescein angiography suggested pigment epithelium defect. Other causes of macular involvement in these workers were excluded; a possible role of pesticides in the genesis of these macular changes is suggested.
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PMID:Some observations on the macula of pesticide workers. 400 78

Toxicities of pesticidal mixtures in biological systems have not been explored adequately. Therefore, mixtures of ten widely used pesticides were evaluated for their toxicity in ICR male mice (21-24 g). Mice were given four mixtures of alachlor, aldrin, atrazine, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, DDT, dieldrin, endosulfan, lindane, parathion and toxaphene, at 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10 ppm of each of these pesticides, in drinking water for 90 days ad libitum. Also, two mixtures at 2.5 and 5 mg kg-1 of each pesticide in 7.5% Tween-80 in water were administered to additional groups of mice by oral intubation daily for up to 14 days. In relation to the control, the 90-day exposure caused a dose-dependent increase in the liver/body weight ratio (3-44%), a decrease in the pentobarbital (60 mg kg-1, i.p.)-induced sleep time (11-79%) and an increase in the metabolism of aniline (233-399%), amidopyrine (79-231%), phenacetin (127-318%) and benzo[a]pyrene (286-1633%) in the 9000 g hepatic supernatants from the mixture-treated mice. Proliferation, dilatation and fragmentation of the endoplasmic reticulum and scattering of ribosomes were noticed with mixture livers. In the 5 mg kg-1 group, 90% of the animals died by Day 8; incidence of death was considerably less in the 2.5 mg kg-1 group. The serum cholinesterase activity was inhibited by ca. 50% in the 2.5 and 5 mg kg-1 groups on either one or both of Days 8 and 15; the liver/body weight ratio increased by 24-79% and the pentobarbital-induced sleep time decreased by 80-96%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Toxicological evaluation of mixtures of ten widely used pesticides. 832 87

The widespread use of DDT and the chlorinated hydrocarbon group of insecticides for the control of mosquitos and flies has led to the emergence of resistant strains of flies. Where the DDT group of insecticides is ineffective for the control of resistant insects, it appears that the use of the organo-phosphorus group of insecticides may be an alternative. However, it seems probable that their introduction and application under the same conditions in which DDT has been safely used might carry serious risks to the health of the men who apply them. In this paper, the authors indicate what these dangers are, how they manifest themselves, and how they might be controlled. Four methods of blood-cholinesterase determinations, carried out in the laboratory and in the field, are described in an annex.
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PMID:Control of health hazards likely to arise from the use of organo-phosphorus insecticides in vector control. 1341 46

Because some strains of body lice are resistant to DDT and gamma-BHC, there is need for other effective, safe chemicals to control them. Malathion is known to be effective at a concentration of 1%. To test its safety, the bodies and clothing of 39 men were dusted 5 times a week for 8-16 weeks with talcum powder containing 0, 1%, 5%, and 10% malathion. Complaints about odour and skin irritation were roughly proportional to dosage. No change in blood cholinesterase activity was found, except perhaps with 10% powder. Urinary excretion of malathion-derived material was proportional to dosage. No other changes attributable to malathion were observed and the compound is considered safe for control of head and body lice.
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PMID:Safety of malathion dusting powder for louse control. 1440 Mar 36


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