Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
 12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The thyroid gland of guinea pigs were studied morphologically. Histochemical methods were used for detection of lactate dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, cholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase. The distribution of "C"-cells in normal thyroid glands was proved to be uneven. In the center of the gland they were more numerous. For statistical investigations the method of silver impregnation of "C"-cells is more practicable, since they can not be obviously distinguished from acinar cells on the basis of glycerophosphate dehydrogenase only. The activity of cholinestarase in "C"-cells and in some other cells of folliculi epithelium is very high. A supposition is made that there exist two kinds of the follicular lining thyrocytes, having different histochemical properties and histogenesis as well.
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PMID:[Histochemical studies of several "K"-cell enzymes in guinea pig thyroid glands]. 125 32

Chronic experiments were carried out with 62 guinea pigs (31 test and 31 control animals) which were given dipterex orally for 60 days at the rate of 100 mg/kg each. The effect was followed up of dipterex on the bactericidal properties of the blood, the phagocytic activity of some organs of the reticulo-endothelial system, the serum cholinesterase, the alkaline phosphatase, the hemoglobin and hematocrit values of the blood, and the proteinogram of the blood serum. A neglible drop of the gamma-globin fraction of the serum and the phagocytic activity of the immobile cells of the RES of the spleen and liver was found. The hemoglobin content decreased by 13.5 per cent, while the hematocrit value remained unchanged. At the amount given above dipterex suppressed by 50 per cent the activity of the serum cholinesterase, and increased by 36 per cent that of the alkaline phosphatase.
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PMID:[Effect of subtoxic doses of dipterex on guinea pigs]. 125 52

We describe a method of detecting human DNA mutations with nonradioactive, biotinylated allele-specific oligonucleotide probes. This method can detect seven different mutations in the butyrylcholinesterase, cystic fibrosis, and N-acetyltransferase genes under identical assay conditions. This indicates that it may be used to detect mutations responsible for a wide variety of genetic diseases and pharmacogenetic conditions. The method involves first amplifying selected DNA fragments by the polymerase chain reaction and dot blotting the amplified DNA in duplicate onto small nitrocellulose squares. Each dot blot is then hybridized in individual wells containing a tetramethylammonium chloride solution with short biotinylated probes specific for either the normal or mutant allele. Successfully hybridized probes are detected by a simple colorimetric reaction using an avidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate, which yields a very strong, clear signal. DNA from homozygous normal or mutant individuals hybridizes only to the normal- or mutant-specific probes respectively, while DNA from heterozygous individuals hybridizes equally well with both probes. These results can be easily interpreted to assign a genotype to the sample DNA. This method is amenable to automation, and may be useful in clinical laboratories for diagnosis of a wide variety of DNA mutations responsible for unusual reactions to drugs and environmental chemicals.
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PMID:Detection of human DNA mutations with nonradioactive, allele-specific oligonucleotide probes. 130 45

A 28-day oral toxicity test of tetrachlorvinphos (TCV) was conducted in male and female Slc: Wistar rats by gavage at dose levels of 0, 10, 100 or 1000 mg/kg/day. The male and female rats showed dose-related inhibition of serum cholinesterase activity and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity. At a dose of 1000 mg/kg, body weight gain was decreased in males, and there were 6 deaths in females. Adrenal gland, liver, kidney and thyroid gland weights were increased. The adrenal lesions were characterized by vacuolization and swelling of the cortex cells. The hepatic lesions consisted of vacuolization and necrosis of the hepatocytes. The renal lesions consisted of regeneration and necrosis of the tubular epithelial cells. These lesions were mostly observed at a dose of 1000 mg/kg. After a 14-day recovery period in the 1000 mg/kg group, the changes of cholinesterase, total cholesterol, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen in serum were restored or showed a tendency toward recovery. However, the lesions in the kidney and adrenal remained. More than 14 days are therefore considered to be needed for recovery. At doses of more than 10 mg/kg, significant inhibition of the serum cholinesterase activity in both sexes, erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity in males, and lesions of the adrenal gland in females were observed. Target organs for TCV-treated rats were the adrenal, liver and kidney. It was concluded that the NOEL under this experimental condition is less than 10 mg/kg/day.
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PMID:[Twenty-eight-day repeated dose toxicity test for tetrachlorvinphos in Wistar rat]. 136 60

In the present pilot study we investigated the effects of urso treatment alone in comparison to a combined treatment with urso plus colchicine in PBC. 22 patients with PBC in the histological stages 1-3 entered the study. All patients were pretreated with urso alone (10-12 mg/kg) for 12 months. Thereafter treatment was continued in a double-blind randomized fashion with urso plus placebo or urso plus colchicine (1 mg/day) for another 12 months. During the initial 12 months urso treatment liver function tests improved significantly in all patients, pruritus improved in 60% of patients. After randomization to the different treatment groups the biochemical parameters stabilized at the lower level and no significant differences could be found between urso plus placebo and urso plus colchicine treatment concerning aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, cholinesterase, albumin or cholesterol. The results of this pilot study suggest that the addition of colchicine to an initial urso treatment does not lead to further improvement of aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin or clinical symptoms like pruritus.
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PMID:[Combined ursodeoxycholic acid plus colchicine--treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis: results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study]. 144 19

Reference serum biochemical values were determined in blood samples from 15 male, 18 female, and 4 unsexed emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) 1 to 48 months old. Serum biochemical values also were obtained for 19 male, 26 female, and 4 unsexed ostriches (Struthio camelus) 1 to 60 months old. Parametric (mean +/- 2 SD) and non-parametric (fifth to 95th percentile) reference ranges and linear trends as influenced by age were determined for enzyme activities and concentrations of glucose, inorganic phosphate, BUN, uric acid, creatinine, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, and albumin. Species differences for all analytes, except cholesterol and inorganic phosphate concentrations, were detected. Creatine kinase values in ostriches were higher than those in emus. There were no linear relationships between age and analyte values in emus, and sex did not significantly (P < 0.05) affect the values in emus. Analyte values in ostriches tended to increase with age, but cholesterol, creatine kinase, inorganic phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations decreased with age. Glucose, triglyceride, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and cholinesterase concentrations in ostriches were not linearly associated with age. Age had a greater effect on the analyte values of female ostriches than it did on male ostriches. Concentrations generally increased with age in female ostriches, except for cholesterol, cholinesterase, inorganic phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations, which decreased with age.
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PMID:Reference serum biochemical values for emus and ostriches. 145 16

Total serum protein, serum albumin, total urine protein excretion, and the serum activity of several enzymes--aldolase (ALS), cholinesterase (CHS), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)--were estimated in rats with nephrotic syndrome (NS) at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, and 30 days after a single injection of puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN). It was found that: (a) total serum protein and serum albumin diminished on day 4 and returned to control values on days 20 and 30, respectively; (b) total urine protein excretion rose on day 4, reached a peak value on day 8, and then fell substantially but still remained higher than control values on day 30; (c) ALS and CHS activities increased; (d) LAP, ICD, and AST activities showed a biphasic pattern, first increasing and then decreasing; (e) ALT, LDH, HBD, CK, and ALP activities decreased; and (f) GGT activity remained unchanged. The differences in the profiles of the enzyme activities suggest their independent regulation in experimental NS induced by PAN.
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PMID:Activity of serum enzymes in puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrotic syndrome. 146 3

1. Wheat-bound residues of 14C-pirimiphos-methyl were fed to albino rats at 1.17 and 7.5 ppm in the diet for 3.5 months. 2. In toxicological tests, 1.17 ppm of bound residues caused an increase of rat alkaline phosphatase activity and blood urea nitrogen, and reduction in lymphocyte and monocyte counts. A dietary level of 7.5 ppm showed a significant decrease in serum cholinesterase activity and in lymphocytes and monocytes, and an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity and of urea nitrogen. 3. Bioavailability data indicate that wheat-bound pirimiphos-methyl residues are absorbed by rat.
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PMID:Bioavailability and toxicological potential of wheat-bound pirimiphos-methyl residues in rats. 149 21

Seventy-one male and 52 female F 344 rats with leukemia used as controls in the 30-month inhalation studies were characterized by hematological and clinico-biochemical findings. Hematological findings revealed that the leukocyte count, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin increased in both sexes of leukemic rats showing profound anemia, while the platelet count, erythrocyte count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration decreased. In these rats, the serum levels of low density lipoprotein, free cholesterol, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, and triglyceride and the activities of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, creatine phosphokinase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase increased markedly and the level of high density lipoprotein, the oxygen partial pressure, and the cholinesterase activity decreased. Clinical signs such as decrease in redness of the eyes, decrease in body weight, abdominal distension, staining of the public region, and debility were seen in most leukemic animals. These clinical signs and hematological and clinico-biochemical findings may be helpful in diagnosis of leukemia in long-term experiments.
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PMID:Hematological and clinico-biochemical characteristics of leukemia in Fischer 344 rats. 150 22

The purpose of this study was to determine the chronic toxicity of methidathion, an organophosphate insecticide, in dogs. Groups of beagle dogs, four/sex/dose, were fed methidathion at constant dietary concentrations of 0, 0.5, 2, 4, 40, or 140 ppm for 1 year. The equivalent daily dosages were approximately 0, 0.02, 0.07, 0.15, 1.4, and 4.7 mg/kg. There were no deaths or adverse clinical signs associated with the treatment. Weekly body weights and weight gains were not affected. Mean daily food consumption was reduced in male dogs given the 140-ppm diet. Major treatment-related effects were cholestasis, chronic inflammation in the liver, and cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition. The liver effects were indicated by gross and microscopic pathologic findings as well as moderate increases in serum bile acids and enzyme activities (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase) in all dogs receiving greater than or equal to 40 ppm. RBC ChE was inhibited in males at greater than or equal to 40 ppm and in females and 140 ppm. Brain ChE was inhibited in both sexes at 140 ppm; the magnitude of inhibition relative to control was slightly greater with the cerebellar fraction than with the cerebral fraction. Serum ChE was not affected at any dose level. In conclusion, liver was the target organ in beagle dogs given greater than or equal to 40 ppm (equivalent to 1.4 mg/kg/day) methidathion in diet for 1 year. The no-observable-effect level was 4 ppm (0.15 mg/kg/day) for both liver cholestasis and ChE inhibition.
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PMID:One-year dietary toxicity study with methidathion in beagle dogs. 151 89


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