Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
 12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

For the purpose of elucidating the motility, particularly the mechanism of contraction of the gallbladder, we classified gallbladders isolated surgically into three groups for a study. That is, the three groups comprised Group I of 40 cases of cholelithiasis with good contraction, Group II of 10 cases of cholelithiasis with poor contraction and Group III of 10 cases of cholelithiasis after gastrectomy for a total of 60 cases. Using gallbladders of these cases, we started with a fundamental study on the autonomic nervous action by the fluorescence histochemical method of Flack and Hillarp and obtained results as follows. Similar results were obtained for Group I and Group II; the gallbladder was subjected to adrenergic innervation and cholinergic innervation, and there was a clear localized difference between true-cholinesterase and pseudo-cholinesterase of the cholinergic nerve. In Group III, proliferation of adrenergic nerve was observed compared with Groups I and II, while disappearance of cholinergic nerve was seen. The gallbladder of Group III showed slight contraction with cholecystokinin, but it was not blocked with atropine.
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PMID:A fluorescence histochemical study for the motility of the gallbladder. 44 96

This study employed a cholecystokinin (CCK) antagonist to evaluate whether endogenous CCK regulates fasted and fed motor patterns of the small intestine. Experiments were performed in six conscious dogs, each in duplicate. Motor activity was recorded by six strain-gauge transducers implanted along the small intestine. The effects of the CCK analogue caerulein and the CCK antagonist loxiglumide were studied in fasted and fed states. Computer analysis determined contractile frequency and area under contractions. Caerulein given as an intravenous bolus 30 min after phase III dose dependently caused a burst of phasic contractions preceded by a retrograde giant contraction. Continuous intravenous infusion of 10 mg.kg-1.h-1 loxiglumide completely abolished the effects of 10 ng/kg caerulein, which increases plasma CCK immunoreactivity to postprandial levels. Loxiglumide, at 10 mg.kg-1.h-1, markedly reduced the increase in phasic contractions due to a supraphysiological dose of 50 ng/kg caerulein to 14 +/- 6(SD)% of the control without loxiglumide (P less than 0.01). The motor activity stimulated by the cholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine (10 micrograms/kg) was not altered by loxiglumide. Loxiglumide given in the fasted state decreased contractile frequency from 9.5 +/- 0.7 to 8.1 +/- 0.6/min and reduced the area under contractions during phase II to 81 +/- 5% of the control without loxiglumide (P less than 0.05). Loxiglumide also decreased contractile frequency during the fed state from 9.7 +/- 0.6 to 8.3 +/- 0.5/min and reduced the area under contractions to 78 +/- 6% of the control without loxiglumide (P less than 0.05). Thus loxiglumide acts as a specific antagonist of the actions of CCK on small intestinal motor activity in the dog. Loxiglumide, at a dose that abolishes actions of endogenous CCK, significantly decreased fasting motor activity during phase II. Loxiglumide also significantly reduced motor responses to feeding but did not prevent interruption of migrating motor complex cycle by a meal. CCK plays a physiological role in regulation of fasting and fed motor activity of small intestine, although other factors in addition to CCK mediate meal-induced motor activity.
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PMID:Effects of CCK receptor blockade on intestinal motor activity in conscious dogs. 199 49

Confocal scanning laser microscopy has been employed with immunocytochemical techniques to map the distribution of serotoninergic and peptidergic components in the nervous system of the monogenean gill-parasite, Diclidophora merlangi; results are compared with the distribution of cholinergic components, following histochemical staining for cholinesterase activity. While all three neurochemical elements are present in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the cholinergic and peptidergic systems dominate the CNS, whereas the PNS has a majority of serotoninergic nerve fibres. The cholinergic and peptidergic neuronal pathways overlap extensively in staining patterns, suggesting possible co-localization of acetylcholine and neuropeptides. Within the peptidergic nervous system, immunoreactivity to the pancreatic polypeptide family of peptides and FMRFamide were the most prevalent. Gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK)-, neuropeptide Y-, substance P-, neurokinin A- and eledoisin-like immunoreactivities have been demonstrated for the first time in a monogenean parasite. The gastrin/CCK- and tachykinin-like immunoreactivities had an apparently restricted distribution in the worm.
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PMID:The serotoninergic, cholinergic and peptidergic components of the nervous system in the monogenean parasite, Diclidophora merlangi: a cytochemical study. 234 60

Organophosphates (OPs) cause irreversible inhibition of cholinesterases (ChEs) and profound cholinergic stimulation. There are major differences in the response of the dog and cat pancreas to the in vivo administration of Diazinon (O,O-diethyl O-2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidyl phosphothioate), a butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitor. Acute edematous pancreatitis is found in the dog but not in the cat. The present experiments were designed to see what effect OP had in vitro on pancreatic exocrine function of dog, cat, and guinea pig, and whether the effects were consistent with an anti-ChE activity. A water-soluble OP agent, tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) at 10(-3) M, which like Diazinon inhibits BuChE, was used. Minced pieces of fresh whole pancreata 3 mm in size were taken from 3 dogs, 4 guinea pigs, and 2 cats. The tissues were placed in flasks containing Eagle's solution and gassed with 100% O2. Cumulative amylase release was measured by Phadebas method up to 3 h. At half-maximal acetylcholine (ACH) concentration (10(-5) M), the canine pancreas pretreated with iso-OMPA (10(-3) M) showed a 42-87% greater release of amylase than tissues receiving ACH alone (p less than 0.001). The same potentiated response to ACH was seen in guinea pig pancreas pretreated with iso-OMPA (p less than 0.001), but iso-OMPA pretreatment did not augment the ACH response in the cat. Atropine pretreatment effectively blocked all ACH responses, and there was no effect seen with iso-OMPA alone. In the dog, iso-OMPA in combination with half-maximal carbachol (10(-6) M), or in combination with half-maximal cholecystokinin (CCK-8) stimulation (10(-9) M), provided no potentiated amylase release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of the organophosphate iso-OMPA on amylase release by pancreatic lobules of dog, guinea pig, and cat. 244 88

This study employed a cholecystokinin (CCK) antagonist to evaluate whether endogenous CCK regulates fasted and fed motor patterns of the colon. Experiments were performed in six conscious dogs, each in duplicate. Motor activity was recorded by four strain gauge transducers implanted on the colon. The effects of the CCK-analogue caerulein and the CCK-antagonist loxiglumide (Rotta, Italy) were studied in fasted and fed states. The motor activity was computed for the area under contractions. Caerulein given as an intravenous bolus of 50 ng kg-1 during a quiescent state caused a burst of phasic and tonic contractions resembling a regular non-migrating motor complex. Physiological doses of 10 ng kg-1 caerulein, which increases plasma CCK-immunoreactivity to postprandial levels, had no effect. Continuous intravenous infusion of 10 mg kg-1 h-1 loxiglumide completely abolished the effects of 50 ng kg-1 caerulein. The motor activity stimulated by the cholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine (10 micrograms kg-1) was not altered by loxiglumide. Loxiglumide given in the fasted state reduced the area under contractions in the proximal colon by 26.8 +/- 12.8% compared to the control without loxiglumide (P < 0.05). The postprandial increase in motor activity in the distal colon, the gastrocolonic response, was significantly inhibited by loxiglumide. Moreover, loxiglumide reduced the area under contractions in the fed state by 25.4 +/- 10.7% and 19 +/- 7.2% in the proximal and distal colon, respectively (P < 0.05). The present results show that loxiglumide acts as a specific antagonist of the actions of CCK on colonic motor activity in the dog.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of CCK-receptor antagonist on colonic motor activity in dogs. 762 22