Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
 12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Disc electrophoresis was used to determine the esterase isoenzymes present in adults of the strigeoid trematode Alaria marcianae (La Rue, 1917). 2. Eight esterase bands were found with alpha-naphthyl acetate as the substrate and Fast Blue RR as the dye. 3. From results obtained with inhibitors, four different types of esterases were tentatively identified; cholinesterase (one band), ali-esterase or B-type (one band), arylesterase or A-type (2 bands) and acetylesterase or C-type (4 bands).
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PMID:Electrophoretic separation of esterases of Alaria marcianae (La Rue, 1917) (Trematoda). 31 43

Blood samples collected in a single Pygmy tribe, the Aka, living in Bokoka district (Central African Empire) were investigated with respect to the phenotype and gene frequencies of the following 12 enzyme systems: acid phosphatase, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase, carbonic anhydrase, esterase D, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase 1, phosphoglucomutase 2, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase and serum cholinesterase variants (locus E1 and E2). The data obtained in the study of genetic polymorphisms of this isolated and inbred population show a specific pattern with the following characteristics: the very low frequency of PGDB and pa alleles; the existence of two rare PGM variants at the PGM2 locus, typical PGM26Pyg (4.2%) and PGM29 (0.2%); the high frequency of the pr allele (10.8%) and CAII2 (8.22%) and ESD2 genes (18.4%). Furthermore, at the G6PD locus four distinct alleles have been found: the negroid GdA- (4%) and GdA+ (16%), the common GdB+ (79.2%)--, and the rare Gd+Ibadan Austin (0.7%). Cholinesterase typings disclosed the presence of the uncommon E1f and E1s genes distributed within a single breeding unit. The results are compared with other data previously reported on South African Khoisan and some Negroid populations; the particular genetic background of Pygmies is discussed.
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PMID:Population genetic studies of the Aka pygmies (Central Africa): a survey of red cell and serum enzymes. 46 35

The activity of locust ganglia cholinesterase is found to depend on concentrations of acetylthiocholine (ATC), propionylthiocholine (PTC) and butyrylthiocholine (BTC); that of carboxylesterase--on concentration of p-nitrophenylacetate (25 degrees, pH 7,5). The activity of cholinesterase is inhibited by an excess of ATC and BTC, but is unaffected by an excess of PTC. At concentrations greater than 0.01 M PTC is hydrolyzed faster than ATC at optimal (1.10(-3) M) concentration. The cholinesterase hydrolysis of BTC proceeds slower than that of ATC and PTC. The bimolecular constants (kII) of the rate of cholinesterase and carboxylesterase interaction with structurally different organophosphorus inhibitors (OPI) were determined. It was found that methylsulfomethylates of O-alkyl-S (beta-ethylmercaptoethyl) methylthiophosphonates are stronger inhibitors of cholinesterase than carboxylesterase; on the contrast, their uncharged analogs are stronger inhibitors of carboxylesterase, since the substitution of the sulfide sulphur for the sulphonic one strongly decreases the anticholinesterase activity and slightly increases the anticarboxylesterase activity of these OPI. O-alkyl-S (carbomethoxymethylmercaptomethyl) methylthiophosphonates inhibit carboxylesterase stronger than cholinesterase. The inhibitory activity of diisopropylthiophosphates towards cholinesterase is much lower than that of the corresponding diethylthiophosphates, while the activity of the former towards carboxylesterase is approximately the same as the activity of diethylthiophosphates or more strongly pronounced. Diisopropylfluorophosphate is a potent inhibitor of carboxylesterase. The data obtained provide evidence for differences in the structure of the active sites of cholinesterase and carboxylesterase. The carboxylesterase has no anionic sites. Moreover, the active surface of this enzyme interacting with the leaving part of OPI possesses, a site which prevents the absorption of cationic OPI and favours the interaction with the OPI containing the carboxyether group. The esterastic site of carboxylesterase is larger than that of cholinesterase and can predominantly interact with OPI having a bulky phosphoryl part.
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PMID:[Properties of cholinesterase and carboxylesterase from locust ganglia]. 54 51

It was shown that locust cholinesterase splits various thiocholine esters with different rate. Hydrolysis of p-NPA is due to the effect of carboxylesterase. The latter differs from cholinesterase by a low sensitivity to eserine and cation-containing organophosphorus inhibitor methylsulfomethylate-O-ethyl-S-(beta-ethylmercaptoethyl) methylthiophosphonate, as well as by higher sensitivity to triorthocresylphosphate. The results obtained are discussed in relation to possible differences of the active surface of the enzymes studied.
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PMID:[Properties of the nervous tissue cholinesterase and carboxylesterase in the locust, Locusta migratoria]. 67 90

The ontogeny of esterase isozymes in Brachydanio rerio (zebra danio), Brachydanio albolineatus (pearl danio), and hybrids formed by their reciprocal crosses was investigated using polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis. Seven esterase isozymes were identified in each species from the unfertilized egg stage to nine days posthatch. Electrophoretic analysis of qualitative changes in enzyme pattern indicated that some esterases were present at all stages of development while other esterases abruptly appeared at a specific stage of morphological differentiation. The esterases of both species were classified on the basis differential substrate and inhibitor specificities. In developing hybrids formed by B. rerio eggs inseminated with B. albolineatus sperm, the maternal isozyme pattern persisted until Stage 17 (gastrulation). Embryonic extracts from Stage 17 onward showed a slow-moving, DFP-sensitive carboxylesterase of paternal origin. In developing hybrids formed by B. albolineatus eggs inseminated with B. rerio sperm, a paternal contribution to the esterase pattern was probably present by the end of gastrulation; esterase activity of distinctively paternal origin was present by Stage 22 (retinal pigmentation) The maternal contribution to the total esterase profile appeared to remain high through hatching. Additional evidence for gene activity at gastrulation was obtained in experiments utilizing actinomycin-D and cycloheximide. Results of exposing embryos of B. rerio to 15 mug/ml of actinomycin-D indicated that transcription of the template RNA coding for cholinesterase occurred during gastrulation or some 20-30 hours prior to the appearance of the isozyme at Stage 22. This template RNA was translated sometime during that 10-hour interval immediately preceding Stage 22.
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PMID:Esterase isozyme patterns in developing embryos of Brachydanio rerio (zebra danio), Brachydanio abolineatus (pearl danio), and their hybrids. 83 81

The relationship between pseudocholine esterase [acylcholine acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.8] and non-specific esterase [carboxylic ester-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.1] in human serum was investigated. The purified preparation (purified 500-fold) which had both pseudocholine esterase and non-specific esterase activities, was found to give a single band with faint tailing on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The ratio of the specific activity of pseudocholine esterase to that of non-specific esterase remained essentially the same during the purification procedures. Furthermore, the pseudocholine esterase was demonstrated to be identical with the non-specific esterase by immunochemical studies. All these results suggest that activities of pseudocholine esterase and non-specific esterase in human serum derive from the same enzyme molecule. Observation of Yoshida-cho in Ehime after the application of organophosphorus insecticide supported our results: the activity of pseudocholine esterase was found to be reduced with a concomitant decrease in the activity of non-specific esterase. Based on these results, the physiological significance of the esterase is discussed.
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PMID:Identification of acylcholine acyl-hydrolase with carboxylic ester-hydrolase in human serum. 89 81

A maximum of 22 bands comprising four esterase subgroups--acetylesterase, carboxylesterase, cholinesterase, and acetylcholinesterase--were detected following electrophoresis of lesser snow goose sera on polyacrylamide gels. A minimum of seven structural genes was surmised to be involved in the biosynthesis of these enzymes following physiochemical characterizations. The genetic variability of these loci was calculated to be 1.25% average heterozygosity, while 14.3% of the loci were polymorphic. These estimates of genetic variability were substantially lower than those reported for other vertebrate species. The low degree of genetic variability found in snow goose serum esterases coupled with the extensive protein multiplicity observed may possibly reflect an adaptive strategy based on "biochemical plasticity" rather than genic heterozygosity for this species. The nature of evolutionary forces acting upon multiple enzyme systems such as esterases is discussed. The concept of "conditional neutrality" is introduced and defined within this context.
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PMID:Isoenzyme status and genetic variability of serum esterases in the lesser snow goose, Anser caerulescens caerulescens. 92 42

Eccrine sweat collected from the human skin surface contains at least five different esterases. One of them is a cholinesterase. A non-specific carboxylesterase with the electrophoretic mobility of an alpha-globulin appears to be a serum protein. Besides this, there are two isoenzymes of human origin migrating with the same electrophoretic mobility as gamma-globulins. These two isoenzymes are immunologically identical with a non-specific carboxylesterase occurring in numerous organs and body fluids. Lipase activity could not be demonstrated.
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PMID:Immunological demonstration of multiple esterases in human eccrine sweat. 95 42

A number of enzymes, presumably secreted by larvae of B. microplus under natural feeding conditions, have been investigated in the skin of previously unexposed calves 4 h after infestation at the attachment site. Carboxylic ester hydrolase activity was demonstrated in the dermis, immediately adjacent to the mouthparts, or in the attachment cone, depending on substrate and reaction pH. The carboxylic ester hydrolase acting on naphthol AS-D acetate (2-acetoxy-3-naphthoic-O-toluidide) at pH 7-1 was characteristically found in the dermis and not in the attachment cone. The use of specific inhibitors showed that this enzyme was primarily a B-esterase or carboxylesterase with possibly a small portion of C-esterase or acetylesterase. It is postulated that carboxylic ester hydrolase could contribute to the dilation observed in the subepidermal capillaries adjacent to the attachment sites of unexposed animals, through the formation of plasma kinins. Other enzymes demonstrated in the dermis, adjacent to the mouthparts, were triacylglycerol lipase, as an aggregated deposit, and small amounts of aminopeptidase (microsomal) and monophenol monooxygenase. Aminopeptidase (microsomal) was also demonstrated in the attachment cone or adjacent epidermis, according to the substrate used. No activity was found in the host tissue, in association with the attachment site, for either alkaline or acid phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase or cholinesterase, peroxidase or amine oxidase (flavin-containing), despite the intense histochemical reaction for the latter in the tissues of larvae.
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PMID:Boophilus microplus: characterization of enzymes introduced into the host. 102 62

The phenotypic distribution and gene frequencies of haptoglobin (Hp), transferrin (Tf), group specific component (Gc), cholinesterase (Cho E2), and alpha1-antitrypsin (Pi) in plasma proteins, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase ((6-PGD), esterase D (Es D), phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), adenosine deaminase (ADA) and acid phosphatase (AcP) in red cells were studied in 127 atopic, asthmatic patients. The gene frequencies were compared with normal groups. The phenotypic distribution of the Pi system in atopic patients was somewhat different from the normal. No significant differences were found between the two groups in protein systems or in enzyme systems, except Pi systems. In conclusion, except for the Pi system, no definite association between polymorphic traits and atopic asthma was found in this study.
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PMID:The distribution of polymorphic traits in atopic asthmatic patients. 108 Mar 21


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