Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Female albino rats were treated with a total of 28 mg of chlormadinone acetate (CMA) for 28 days. In the adrenal cortex, the ovary, the vagina, and the uterus the activities of 3-beta-ol-steroiddehydrogenase, of dl-beta-OH-butric acid dehydrogenase, of alcaline and acid phosphatases, of DPN-diaphorase, of ATP-ase, and of non-specific esterases do not differ from untreated controls. 2. In the external muscle layer of the myometrium strong cholinesterase (ChE) activity was induced by C.M.A. A corresponding high ChE activity is normally found in immature rats or in estrus. 3. Furthermore, by treatment with CMA, ChE activity was induced in the tubular glands of the endometrium. This activity is found in the small parts of glomerate glandular terminals only but not in the rest of the glandular epithelium, nor in the epithelium of the cavum. It could be demonstrated that a corresponding ChE activity normally appears in the second third of pregnancy. The ChE activity induced by CMA was considerably higher and more widespread than during normal pregnancy. 4. It is concluded that in the endometrial glands a development similar to pregnancy is initiated by CMA. But development stops at the stage of ChE activity, thus leading to accumulation of ChE active cells.
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PMID:[Enzyme histochemical studies on the rat adrenal cortex, ovary, uterus and vagina following chlormadinone acetate administration, especially cholinesterase activity in myometrium and endometrium]. 5 Feb 31

Variants of some erythrocyte and serum enzymes have been studied among several blood samples of Guinea baboon (Papio papio). Variation occurred in two red cell enzymes, G6PD and NADH diaphorase, and in serum esterase. All studied animals had a complete uniformity in other enzyme systems (acP, 6PGD, CA, AK, and cholinesterase at E1 locus). Data obtained in the present work have been discussed and compared with those reported among other baboon species.
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PMID:Red cell and serum enzymes of Guinea baboon (Papio papio). 9 67

Single subcutaneous inoculation of human adenovirus type 12 (Ad.12), 0.05-0.1 ml of 10(8.0) TCID50 HEK cells/0.1 ml, was made on the back of 0-day-old hamsters. In 21 of 25 hamsters (84.0%), multiple solid tumors developed close to the inoculation site within 3 months. No control hamsters developed tumors. Tumor histopathology revealed the characteristic Homer Wright rosettes of neuroblastoma. Ad. 12-specific tumor antigens were demonstrable in both the primary and the cultured tumor cells by the immunofluorescein technique. Histochemical demonstration of cholinesterase and NADH oxidoreductase gave rise to a predominantly positive intracytoplasmic granule within the tumor cells. Electron microscopy showed remarkably uniform cell morphology: small, undifferentiated neuroblastic cells with poorly developed intracytoplasmic organelles; many possessed characteristic solitary cilia in a 9 + 0 tubules pattern. Intercellular junctions were poorly developed. Search for an incipient tumor cell aggregate by means of immunofluorescein T-antigen detection was carried out through a 240-h period following Ad. 12 inoculation. A sequential study in parallel with electron microscopic examination of the normal subcutaneous tissue proved that neuroblastic cells closely associated with the muscle spindle anlage could preferentially become the most sensitive target for Ad. 12 tumorigenesis.
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PMID:Cell origin of human adenovirus type 12-induced subcutaneous tumor in Syrian hamsters. 44 84

The presence of cholinesterase activity in M. demissus hearts was demonstrated by light- and electron-microscopic histochemistry and by enzymic assay. The enzyme proved to be acetylcholinesterase (AChE) since acetylthiocholine was the preferred substrate, and eserine or BW284C5I inhibited the enzyme activity, while isoOMPA was without effect. The AChE was localized and uniformly distributed along the cell surface membranes of the cardiac muscle cells. A fraction 8-fold enriched in AChE was isolated from pooled ventricles by a combination of differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. This sarcolemmal fraction contained little mitochondrial contamination as determined by electron microscopy and by succinate cytochrome c reductase activity. In addition, this fraction stained uniformly for AChE, indicating that it was free of other membrane types (for example sarcoplasmic reticulum which did not stain for AChE). Therefore, this fraction contained purified cell surface membrane free of contamination by other membranous organelles.
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PMID:Acetylcholinesterase: a useful marker for the isolation of sarcolemma from the bivalve (Modiolus demissus demissus) myocardium. 74 38

The dermal cells in grey, xanthic, and white goldfish integuments were cytochemically characterized for the following enzymatic activities: tyrosinase, DOPA-oxidase, cytochrome oxidase, monoamine oxidase, peroxidase, non-specific esterase, cholinesterase, NAD-diaphorase, NADP-diaphorase, aryl sulfatase, nucleotide phosphodiesterase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, thiamine pyrophosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, aldolase, as well as succinate, malate, isocitrate, glutamate, glucose-6-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate, alpha-glycerophosphate, alcohol, lactate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenases. It was found that the epidermis was a significant barrier to the access of cytochemical reaction substrates. Removal of the epidermal barrier provided dermal cell localizations of enzymatic activities which were reproducible. Further, alterations in reaction times and temperatures from the mammalian methodology provided conditions fe various integumental cells were compared for possible interrelationships. The basic foundations for future work with the dermis of poikilothermic vertebrates on an experimental basis were established. In addition, a previously undescribed non-pigmented dermal cell, the "x"-cell, was found to have enzymatic characteristics similar to both melanophores and lipophores. The "x"-cell may be the common precursor of both types of pigment cells.
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PMID:Cytochemical characterization of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) dermis with special reference to the pigment cells. 82 86

Blood samples from 109 Siriono (Eastern Bolivia) belonging to the Tupi-Guarani group were investigated for enzyme variants in the following systems: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, phospho-glucomutase (locus 1 and 2), acid phosphatases, lactate dehydrogenase, NADH diaphorase, pseudocholinesterase (E1 and E2 locus), and serum alkaline phosphatase. The most relevant observations are: (1) A relative lack of polymorphism, a characteristic feature of the Amerindian populations studied up to now. These data are consistent with the hypothesis of a 'common ancestral background' in Indian populations whatever the degree of sociocultural and linguistic diversity, and the geographical distances. (2) Specific traits due to the frequency of alleles in some systems confer to that tribe a particular position among Amerindians. The effects of genetic drift may be postulated in order to explain the high rate of PGM and 6PGD polymorphism. Furthermore, in that small community, the disappearance of some alleles (pa gene) can plausibly be explained in terms of a balanced influence of mutational and selective pressure.
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PMID:Serum and red cell enzyme variants in an Amerindian tribe: the Sirionos (Eastern Bolivia). 97 93

An investigation was made on the frog stomach myenteric plexus with 2 different histochemical techniques. Neuronal perikarya were stained with nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-diaphorase (NADHd), while the acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE) staining showed rather the axoarchitectonic arrangement of the frog myenteric plexus. In double-labelled "whole mounts", NADHd-positive cell bodies and AChE-positive nerve processes were revealed. Some of the nerve cells and neuronal processes did not exhibit AChE activity at all. Since glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence (GIF) was not detected in the myenteric plexus, the presence of catecholamines can be excluded. As a consequence of these observations, we suggest the presence of a non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic intrinsic neuronal system in the frog stomach myenteric plexus, containing purines or peptides as transmitters.
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PMID:Consecutive diaphorase-acetylcholinesterase histochemistry in the myenteric plexus of frog stomach. 250 Aug 25

Although acetylcholine is known to be involved in the genesis of skeletal muscle disturbance, its effect on cardiac muscle has been scarcely studied. In the present paper, using pyridostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, the possible role of acetylcholine in the genesis of cardiomyopathy was investigated. In a mortality study, it was shown that pyridostigmine (100 mg/kg) caused death of 9/10 rats within 8 h, and that the lethality of such a dose could be significantly diminished by the subsequent administration of a total dose of 4 mg/kg atropine. In all other experiments, rats were divided into three groups; the control, untreated group; the pyridostigmine + atropine group in which atropine (2 mg/kg) was administered 5 min after pyridostigmine (60 mg/kg) administration; and the pyridostigmine group in which pyridostigmine (60 mg/kg) was administered orally. Rats were killed 3 h after pyridostigmine administration, and hearts were isolated. Heart mitochondrial electron transport activity (NADH-cytochrome c reductase, succinate-cytochrome c reductase, and cytochrome c oxidase) were measured enzymatically, and mitochondrial respiratory rates and control indices were measured polarographically. Structural changes in cardiac muscles of each group were observed by electron microscopy of cardiac sections. Acetylcholine levels of left ventricle were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Activities of NADH-cytochrome c reductase and succinate-cytochrome c reductase were not affected by pyridostigmine administration; however, cytochrome c oxidase activity was significantly reduced in the pyridostigmine group. Atropine markedly lessened this reduction in activity. A protective effect of atropine was also observed morphologically. A protective effect of atropine was also observed morphologically. In the pyridostigmine group and the pyridostigmine + atropine group, left ventricular acetylcholine levels were increased significantly compared with the control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Role of acetylcholine in pyridostigmine-induced myocardial injury: possible involvement of parasympathetic nervous system in the genesis of cardiomyopathy. 273 Mar 38

Cultured striatal neurons containing either NADPH-diaphorase or acetylcholinesterase were more resistant to injury by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or quinolinate, than the general striatal neuronal population, although this resistance was not absolute and could be overcome by intense toxic exposure. Neurons containing NADPH-diaphorase, but not neurons containing acetylcholinesterase, also exhibited heightened vulnerability to injury by kainate. Given recent evidence that diaphorase- and cholinesterase-containing striatal neurons are selectively spared in Huntington's disease, our results strengthen the possibility that NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity may participate in the pathogenesis of that disease.
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PMID:Cultured striatal neurons containing NADPH-diaphorase or acetylcholinesterase are selectively resistant to injury by NMDA receptor agonists. 283 34

A lattice of high oxidative metabolic activity occurs in the intermediate gray layer of the human, monkey, and cat superior colliculus. It is composed of a matrix of high enzyme activity that surrounds pale islands or bands of lower activity. In the human the pale bands are 300-400 micron wide while in the smaller colliculi of the monkey and cat they are 100-200 micron wide. The lattice was demonstrated by studying either cytochrome oxidase or succinate dehydrogenase. In the cat and monkey the lattice occurs at the same depth as the lattice of intense acetylcholinesterase activity, but the two lattices are not in spatial register. In the human the lattice of high oxidative metabolic activity is in the middle of the intermediate gray layer, whereas the lattice of intensely stained cholinesterase activity is at the base of this layer, but again the two lattices are not in spatial register. However, in the middle of the intermediate gray layer of the human, there are elongated islands and bands of very low acetylcholinesterase activity that coincide with the pale islands and bands of low cytochrome oxidase activity. An additional lattice of high enzyme activity occurs based on the enzyme nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form)-diaphorase. This lattice is prominent in the cat, occurs more faintly in the monkey, but did not appear to be present in the human. In the intermediate gray layer it had a high degree of overlap with the acetylcholinesterase lattice. The lattice of high oxidative metabolism contains loosely knit clusters of large multipolar cells containing high cytochrome oxidase activity and these cells do not occur in the pale islands. By contrast the cell bodies in the intermediate gray layer that contain either acetylcholinesterase or the diaphorase occur both between and within the patches of corresponding, high enzyme activity. It is suggested that the acetylcholinesterase and diaphorase lattices are mainly associated with afferent fibers while the lattice of high oxidative metabolism is mainly associated with intrinsic cells. The lattices occur in all mammals studied to date and appear to represent a fundamental principle in the organization of the mammalian colliculus. It is concluded that the lattices will provide a useful basis for further studies of the relationship between the many afferent and efferent modules thought to exist in this structure.
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PMID:Lattices of high histochemical activity occur in the human, monkey, and cat superior colliculus. 284 Jun 1


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