Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase)
 12,691 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Normal muscle spindles of human skeletal muscle were studied histochemically. 1) Four histochemical types of intrafusal muscle fibers were classified by ATPase stain: Bag I fiber, Bag II fiber, Chain I fiber and Chain II fiber. Moreover, two types of nuclear bag fibers were classified by NADH Tetrazolium Reductase stain and PAS stain: Bag I fiber and Bag II fiber. 2) Three kinds of fusimotor endings were verified by the cholinesterase technic: en plaque, en grappe and diffuse endings. 3) Two kinds of fusisensory endings were verified by NADH TR stain and also electron-microscopically: primary and secondary sensory endings.
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PMID:Histochemical study of normal human muscle spindle. Histochemical classification of intrafusal muscle fibers and intrafusal nerve endings. 7 4

Exposure of rat brain Na+ + K+-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase E.C. 3.6.1.3) to concentrations of cassaine greater than 1 x 10(-4) M resulted in a poorly reversible inhibition of this enzyme. Inhibition did not require the presence of ATP and developed rapidly, but the final amount of inhibition observed was independent of time. The amount of inhibition observed at a given concentration of cassaine was reduced by increasing the concentration of membranes in the system. The inhibition of Na+ + K+-ATPase activity was associated with equivalent inhibition of the phosphorylation and (3H)-ouabain binding reactions of this enzyme, while the uninhibited enzyme was apparently kinetically normal. Concentrations of cassaine which produced this stable inhibition of Na+ + K+-ATPase had no effect on the Mg2+-activated ATPase or the NADH cytochrome-c-reductase activities of crude rat brain microsomal preparations. Cassaine inhibited the cholinesterase activity of rat brain microsomes with a Ki of about 5 x 10(-5) M, but his inhibition was fully reversible. The poorly reversible inhibitory actions of cassaine, thus, appeared specific for Na+ + K+-ATPase. Because this stable pattern of inhibition of the Na+ + K+-ATPase by cassaine required drug concentrations at least one hundred-fold greater than those which produce positive inotropic effects, it appears unlikely that this pattern of Na+ + K+-ATPase inhibition is involved in the cardiotonic actions of this drug.
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PMID:Studies on the stable inhibition of Na+ + K+-ATPase by cassaine. 13 Feb 44

Stereotaxic septal cannulation in one hemisphere of the rat results in displacement of the ipsilateral basal ganglion along its rostrocaudal axis. In an attempt to elucidate any metabolic changes in the ganglion due to possible alteration in its vascular supply in the displaced position, enzyme histochemical studies were undertaken on the forebrain of septally cannulated rats. A survey of hydrolases (acid and alkaline phosphatases, ATPase, cholinesterase and non-specific esterases), dehydrogenases (succinate and lactate) and diaphorases (NADH- and NADPH- tetrazolium reductases) revealed no difference in activity between the ganglia of the two sides. Cortical activity appeared to be enhanced with a rostral shift of the ganglion and decreased with a caudal shift. In the light of available histoenzymatic data on ischaemic brain damages, the present results rule out the existence of any major metabolic difference between the two basal ganglia. This underlines the extraordinary degree of functional plasticity of subcortical nuclear masses, despite considerable physical displacement.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemistry of basal ganglia in the septally cannulated rat. 14 57

The enteric nerve plexuses of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) were investigated in sections and stretch preparations by means of the cholinesterase and glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical techniques. Cholinesterase-positive and varicose and non-varicose fluorescent nerve fibers were distributed at all levels of the gut in myenteric, submucosal, muscle and mucosal plexuses, and in a perivascular plexus. The density of the innervation and the detailed distribution of the nerves varied in different parts of the intestinal tract. All nerve plexuses appeared to be best developed in the rectum. Whereas the circular muscle coat contained a substantial number of nerves at all levels of the gut, the longitudinal coat was well innervated only in the rectum. The major portion of the mucosal plexus appeared to be associated with the intestinal glands. The nerve cell bodies were restricted to the myenteric and submucosal plexuses and were mainly cholinesterase-positive. Fluorescent ganglion cells were not observed. Pretreatment of stretch preparations with NADH: Nitro BT to stain ganglion cells showed that the majority of the cells were surrounded by a meshwork of fluorescent varicose fibres, although none of the fibres appeared to be associated with individual cells. The perivascular plexus was mainly associated with the arteries. The functional significance of the innervation is discussed.
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PMID:Avian enteric nerve plexuses. A histochemical study. 65 58

The effects of repeated exposure to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) on hepatic microsomal monooxygenase system and glutathione metabolism were investigated. DMF was administered to Wistar male rats by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection at 0.5 ml/kg body weight daily for 1 week. Macroscopically, mild liver swelling was observed and liver weights significantly increased after 1 week of exposure to DMF. Hematological changes were not detected. In exposed rats, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, cholinesterase and total cholesterol significantly increased. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and protoheme decreased by 34% and 24%, respectively, while microsomal protein and cytochrome b5 were not affected. NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity decreased by 24% while NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity showed no change. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity showed a significant decrease after the first injection and remained depressed throughout the study, with no change in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity showed a significant increase at 3 days after DMF treatment and gradually increased by 66% at 1 week. In a subsequent experiment with a single administration of DMF (4 ml/kg), reduced glutathione (GSH) in the liver was decreased by 28% at 8 h, but recovered to control levels by 24 h. These results indicate that DMF alters the hepatic microsomal monooxygenase system and glutathione metabolism. These findings may greatly contribute to the elucidation of the pathogenesis of DMF hepatotoxicity.
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PMID:Effects of dimethylformamide on hepatic microsomal monooxygenase system and glutathione metabolism in rats. 153 72

We have recently shown that the mean muscle chronaxie for nerve pedicle implanted into denervated rabbit strap muscle is comparable to that of normal nerve. This study correlates excitability with histologic characteristics of muscles reinnervated via nerve-muscle pedicles (NMP) and direct nerve implants (DNI). Strength duration curves were measured in 13 rabbits 3.5 to 5 months after reinnervation by NMP (n = 6) and DNI (n = 7). Following this, control (n = 5) and reinnervated straps were harvested immediately before the animals were killed and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The material was submitted for hematoxylin-eosin stains as well as trichrome stains for general morphology, myofibrillar ATPase and NADH for fiber typing, and cholinesterase for determination of denervated fibers. In all animals with low chronaxie, expected type grouping from reinnervation was noted (n = 10). By contrast, the three animals in which chronaxie was abnormally elevated demonstrated fibrosis, inflammation, and absence of or poor type grouping. This suggests that type grouping is necessary for excitability after reinnervation of paralyzed striated muscles.
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PMID:Correlation between histology and nerve excitability after reinnervation of paralyzed strap muscles in the rabbit. 170 49

Although acetylcholine is known to be involved in the genesis of skeletal muscle disturbance, its effect on cardiac muscle has been scarcely studied. In the present paper, using pyridostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, the possible role of acetylcholine in the genesis of cardiomyopathy was investigated. In a mortality study, it was shown that pyridostigmine (100 mg/kg) caused death of 9/10 rats within 8 h, and that the lethality of such a dose could be significantly diminished by the subsequent administration of a total dose of 4 mg/kg atropine. In all other experiments, rats were divided into three groups; the control, untreated group; the pyridostigmine + atropine group in which atropine (2 mg/kg) was administered 5 min after pyridostigmine (60 mg/kg) administration; and the pyridostigmine group in which pyridostigmine (60 mg/kg) was administered orally. Rats were killed 3 h after pyridostigmine administration, and hearts were isolated. Heart mitochondrial electron transport activity (NADH-cytochrome c reductase, succinate-cytochrome c reductase, and cytochrome c oxidase) were measured enzymatically, and mitochondrial respiratory rates and control indices were measured polarographically. Structural changes in cardiac muscles of each group were observed by electron microscopy of cardiac sections. Acetylcholine levels of left ventricle were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Activities of NADH-cytochrome c reductase and succinate-cytochrome c reductase were not affected by pyridostigmine administration; however, cytochrome c oxidase activity was significantly reduced in the pyridostigmine group. Atropine markedly lessened this reduction in activity. A protective effect of atropine was also observed morphologically. A protective effect of atropine was also observed morphologically. In the pyridostigmine group and the pyridostigmine + atropine group, left ventricular acetylcholine levels were increased significantly compared with the control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Role of acetylcholine in pyridostigmine-induced myocardial injury: possible involvement of parasympathetic nervous system in the genesis of cardiomyopathy. 273 Mar 38

An enzymatic method for the determination of serum cholinesterase (ChE) activity is described. The method is based on the liberation of acetate from acetylcholine as a substrate by ChE and the conversion of the acetate to acetylphosphate and ADP in the presence of ATP by acetate kinase. The produced ADP is coupled with pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in the presence of phosphoenolpyruvate and NADH. The amount of NADH consumed is determined by absorbance at 340 nm. The reaction proceeds stoichiometrically, and the dilution curve is linear up to 3300 U/liter. The results obtained by this method show a good correlation with those obtained by the usual methods.
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PMID:Ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for determination of cholinesterase activity with acetylcholine as a substrate. 409 50

Cat muscle spindles were studied histochemically in serial transverse sections of the tenuissimus muscle stained for myofibrillar ATPase, cholinesterase or NADH-tetrazolium reductase. The terminal sites of the primary and secondary axons on intrafusal muscle fibers could be demonstrated due to their high NADH-TR activity. This sensory NADH-TR reactivity at the equator and in the juxtaequatorial regions disappeared following spindle chronic de-afferentation, but not after de-efferentation. Spindle poles that carried both primary and secondary sensory endings had a longer periaxial fluid space than poles with primary endings only, and their motor innervation, as determined by staining for ChE, was positioned at the greater distance from the equator. Some of the secondary endings occurred in intrafusal regions that displayed surface fiber ChE activity. The histochemical reaction for NADH-TR represents a simple, rapid and reliable method for studies of the distribution of sensory nerve terminals in the spindle.
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PMID:Appearance of sensory nerve terminals in cat muscle spindles stained for NADH-tetrazolium reductase. 617 8

Muscle spindles were examined histochemically in serial transverse sections of cat tenuissimus muscles. The myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) staining reaction was used to identify nuclear bag1, bag2 and nuclear chain intrafusal muscle fibers. Regional differences in ATPase staining occurred along the bag1 and bag2 fibers but not along the chain fibers. All intrafusal fiber types displayed regional variability in staining for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR). Motor nerve terminals were demonstrated along the poles of bag1, bag2 and chain fibers by staining for cholinesterase (ChE). There was no consistent spatial correlation between the intensity of regional ATPase staining along the bag fibers and location, number or type of motor endings. However, most ChE deposits occurred in intrafusal fiber regions that displayed the greatest NADH-TR variability. Some fiber poles or whole intrafusal fibers were devoid of any ChE deposits but their ATPase and NADH-TR content was comparable to that of fibers bearing ChE deposits. The observations suggested that motor nerve fibers per se may not play a major role in determining the histoenzymatic content of intrafusal fibers.
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PMID:Histochemical profiles of cat intrafusal muscle fibers and their motor innervation. 646 12


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